1997 Vol. 7, No. 3
Display Method:
1997, 7(3): 193-200.
Abstract:
Chinese had noticed regional differences in ancient times and thus arouse the concept of regional sustainable development which was successfully applied to delta cultivation and civilzation.Over the long term of regional development and regional exchange, much experience therefore was accumulated based on coastal zones, toward both inner land and open ocean. Regionalization, a basic job Preceding sustainable development of a region, has also been carried out in China since ancient times.More important, Patterns of regionalization were retained, these presents serve as references even today. Reflections on China's historical enlightenment can assist us in locating the breakthroughs in regional development in the 21st century: facing the oceans with the seaport cities as nucleuses.
Chinese had noticed regional differences in ancient times and thus arouse the concept of regional sustainable development which was successfully applied to delta cultivation and civilzation.Over the long term of regional development and regional exchange, much experience therefore was accumulated based on coastal zones, toward both inner land and open ocean. Regionalization, a basic job Preceding sustainable development of a region, has also been carried out in China since ancient times.More important, Patterns of regionalization were retained, these presents serve as references even today. Reflections on China's historical enlightenment can assist us in locating the breakthroughs in regional development in the 21st century: facing the oceans with the seaport cities as nucleuses.
1997, 7(3): 201-207.
Abstract:
The tectonic uplifting and depression in the coastal zones results in the anormal distribution of riverine sediments. The coastal zones of tectonic depression areas received about 95% of the riveine sediments, whereas the tectonic uplift belts received only 5% of that, which is the main reason for the variety of the coastline types and the changes in the coastline. On the basis of this anormal distribution of riverine sediments in Chinese coastline, this paper discusses the scope and time of the maximum transgression, the trend, rate and period of the coastline changes, and the impact of riverine sediments on the future changes in coastline.
The tectonic uplifting and depression in the coastal zones results in the anormal distribution of riverine sediments. The coastal zones of tectonic depression areas received about 95% of the riveine sediments, whereas the tectonic uplift belts received only 5% of that, which is the main reason for the variety of the coastline types and the changes in the coastline. On the basis of this anormal distribution of riverine sediments in Chinese coastline, this paper discusses the scope and time of the maximum transgression, the trend, rate and period of the coastline changes, and the impact of riverine sediments on the future changes in coastline.
1997, 7(3): 208-219.
Abstract:
Suburbanization is a stage of urbanization provess. The author discesses the situation of Beijing from the data of three population censuses(1964, 1982, 1990) and considers that the suburbanization in Beijing has been in process since 1982. During 1982-1990, population of all districts of the inner city lost 82 000 persons and in fact the permanent residents holding the household registration lost 144 000, which is about 6.12% of permanent residents in the inner city.Like the West, suburbanization in China the happened against the macro backgrounds of improvements of transportation and loving conditions, growth of urban population moving from rural areas. But in the case of the forces that make decentralization possible, China is different from the western countries. In China, the levels of economy and urbanization are rather low, the red middle class is not rich; only very few Chinese families families provate cars, and the inner cities still have great attraction to Chinese people. The author considers three causes of decentralization: (1) reform of urban land use system brings about migration from the core area; (2) construction of a large number of city roads reinforces this process; (3) reforms of housing system and renovation of dilapidated houses encourage outward movement. However, the process wasn't of spontaneity of any individual but of the leadership of government and "Dan Wei" (Work Unit).
Suburbanization is a stage of urbanization provess. The author discesses the situation of Beijing from the data of three population censuses(1964, 1982, 1990) and considers that the suburbanization in Beijing has been in process since 1982. During 1982-1990, population of all districts of the inner city lost 82 000 persons and in fact the permanent residents holding the household registration lost 144 000, which is about 6.12% of permanent residents in the inner city.Like the West, suburbanization in China the happened against the macro backgrounds of improvements of transportation and loving conditions, growth of urban population moving from rural areas. But in the case of the forces that make decentralization possible, China is different from the western countries. In China, the levels of economy and urbanization are rather low, the red middle class is not rich; only very few Chinese families families provate cars, and the inner cities still have great attraction to Chinese people. The author considers three causes of decentralization: (1) reform of urban land use system brings about migration from the core area; (2) construction of a large number of city roads reinforces this process; (3) reforms of housing system and renovation of dilapidated houses encourage outward movement. However, the process wasn't of spontaneity of any individual but of the leadership of government and "Dan Wei" (Work Unit).
1997, 7(3): 220-228.
Abstract:
The precipitation patterns in flood season over China associated with the EI Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are investigated, especially in the eastern China, using the rather long period rainfall data in this century. The results show that there were remarkable differences between the precipitation patterns in flood seasons of ENSO warm phase (EI Nino year) and cold phase (La Nina year), as well as between the patterns in EI Nino years and their following you. The most parts of China received below normal rainfall in flood season of the onset years of EI Nino events, but the coastal area of Southeast China received above normal amounts. Comparatively, the most parts of China received above normal rainfall in flood season of the following years of EI Nino events, but the eastern part of the reaches among the Huanghe (Yellow) River, the Huaihe River and the Haihe River, and the Northeast China received less. During ENSO cold phase, the reaches of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River and the North China received more amounts than normal lainfall in flood season of the onset years of in Nina events, and the other regions of China received less. In the following years of La Nina events, the coastal area of the Southeast China, the most part of the Northeast China and the regions between the Huanghe River and the Huaihe River received more precipitation during flood seasons, but the other parts received below normal precipitation.
The precipitation patterns in flood season over China associated with the EI Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are investigated, especially in the eastern China, using the rather long period rainfall data in this century. The results show that there were remarkable differences between the precipitation patterns in flood seasons of ENSO warm phase (EI Nino year) and cold phase (La Nina year), as well as between the patterns in EI Nino years and their following you. The most parts of China received below normal rainfall in flood season of the onset years of EI Nino events, but the coastal area of Southeast China received above normal amounts. Comparatively, the most parts of China received above normal rainfall in flood season of the following years of EI Nino events, but the eastern part of the reaches among the Huanghe (Yellow) River, the Huaihe River and the Haihe River, and the Northeast China received less. During ENSO cold phase, the reaches of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River and the North China received more amounts than normal lainfall in flood season of the onset years of in Nina events, and the other regions of China received less. In the following years of La Nina events, the coastal area of the Southeast China, the most part of the Northeast China and the regions between the Huanghe River and the Huaihe River received more precipitation during flood seasons, but the other parts received below normal precipitation.
1997, 7(3): 229-235.
Abstract:
The hole RM, the deepest one fully obtained core in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, situated in the depositional center of the Zoire Basin (33°57′N; 102°21′E) in the northeastern QinghaiXizang Plateau with a depth of 310.46 m. From 14C dating and Paleomagnetic stratigraphic study,the core RM can date back to 900 ha B.P.. In this paper we analyzed the compositions of δ18O and δ13C in various carbonates can date (snail, obstrode, chemical Cabonate) in core RM and discussed preferably the paleoclimatic record by the proxies of δ18O and δ13C Of chemical carbonate (authicalbonate) from core RM in the past 140 ka. The results showed that the values of δ18O in various carbonates are generally identical, and the values of δ13C in it are inconsistent, while there exist better relativity. The studies also demonstrated that there was a negative correlation between δ18O and δ13C of authicabonate in core RM in the past 140 ka, showing that the changes of δ18O values were mainly relative to the water temperature. According to above, the climatic evolutionary sequence were rebuilt in the past 140 ka in the region.
The hole RM, the deepest one fully obtained core in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, situated in the depositional center of the Zoire Basin (33°57′N; 102°21′E) in the northeastern QinghaiXizang Plateau with a depth of 310.46 m. From 14C dating and Paleomagnetic stratigraphic study,the core RM can date back to 900 ha B.P.. In this paper we analyzed the compositions of δ18O and δ13C in various carbonates can date (snail, obstrode, chemical Cabonate) in core RM and discussed preferably the paleoclimatic record by the proxies of δ18O and δ13C Of chemical carbonate (authicalbonate) from core RM in the past 140 ka. The results showed that the values of δ18O in various carbonates are generally identical, and the values of δ13C in it are inconsistent, while there exist better relativity. The studies also demonstrated that there was a negative correlation between δ18O and δ13C of authicabonate in core RM in the past 140 ka, showing that the changes of δ18O values were mainly relative to the water temperature. According to above, the climatic evolutionary sequence were rebuilt in the past 140 ka in the region.
1997, 7(3): 236-242.
Abstract:
The flora of the eastern China is the main part of Sino-Japaners floristic region. It shows from the analysis and comparison that the floristic relation of East China with Japan is closer than that with northeast China and Korea. The similarity indices of genera and species of seed plants in the two regions are very high, being 72.6% and 43.3% respectively. The structure and species composition of broad-leaval evergreen forests in the two regions are also similar, and there exist many corresponding communities, such as the forests of Castanopsis carlesii and C. sieboldii. Many plants in East China are conspecific with there in Japan, such as Cercidiphyllum japonicum, Magnolia sieboldii, Nandina domestica etc. Though the genera of Ginkgo, Liriodendron, Sassafras etc. existing now in China are extinct from Japan, their fossils have been discovered from the Tertiary strata in Japan. It seems to indicate that the phytogeographical affinities between East China and Japan are closer in ancient the than it is now, and both of the forest floras originated from the same flora. The flora in Japan did not evolve independently until it separated from Chinese continent and drifted northeastwards in the late period of the Tertiary.
The flora of the eastern China is the main part of Sino-Japaners floristic region. It shows from the analysis and comparison that the floristic relation of East China with Japan is closer than that with northeast China and Korea. The similarity indices of genera and species of seed plants in the two regions are very high, being 72.6% and 43.3% respectively. The structure and species composition of broad-leaval evergreen forests in the two regions are also similar, and there exist many corresponding communities, such as the forests of Castanopsis carlesii and C. sieboldii. Many plants in East China are conspecific with there in Japan, such as Cercidiphyllum japonicum, Magnolia sieboldii, Nandina domestica etc. Though the genera of Ginkgo, Liriodendron, Sassafras etc. existing now in China are extinct from Japan, their fossils have been discovered from the Tertiary strata in Japan. It seems to indicate that the phytogeographical affinities between East China and Japan are closer in ancient the than it is now, and both of the forest floras originated from the same flora. The flora in Japan did not evolve independently until it separated from Chinese continent and drifted northeastwards in the late period of the Tertiary.
1997, 7(3): 243-250.
Abstract:
This paper presents a dynamic glacier model that simulates the processes in response of Glacier No. 1 in headwaters of the Urumqi River to various future climatic scenarios The results indicate that the Glader No. 1 will continue retreating if current climatic conditions prevail, until it reaches an equilibrium state of 1600 m in length after 700 to 800 years. If air temperature raise 1℃, the glacier would become a hanging glacier with a length of 300 m after 700 to 800 years. Due to its retreat, cooling function of the glacier would be weakened, resulting in the air temperature in glaciated area higher than that in ice-free areas. The results also indicate that the current glacier melt runoff is in higher value period in comparison with the runoff in the equilibrium state under the current climatic condition. If the air temperature continues increasing, however, the runoff would still increase to a new peak and then decrease rapidly.
This paper presents a dynamic glacier model that simulates the processes in response of Glacier No. 1 in headwaters of the Urumqi River to various future climatic scenarios The results indicate that the Glader No. 1 will continue retreating if current climatic conditions prevail, until it reaches an equilibrium state of 1600 m in length after 700 to 800 years. If air temperature raise 1℃, the glacier would become a hanging glacier with a length of 300 m after 700 to 800 years. Due to its retreat, cooling function of the glacier would be weakened, resulting in the air temperature in glaciated area higher than that in ice-free areas. The results also indicate that the current glacier melt runoff is in higher value period in comparison with the runoff in the equilibrium state under the current climatic condition. If the air temperature continues increasing, however, the runoff would still increase to a new peak and then decrease rapidly.
1997, 7(3): 251-258.
Abstract:
The opening of the new Eusasian Continental Bridge not only brings about great opportunities for development of Xinjjang, but the plays a major role in reducing the gap between the western and eastern parts of China. In general, Xinjiang section of the new Eusasian Continental Bridge goes ahead along the oasis belt of northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains with advanced economy and concentrated populattion. The main factor to determine the fate of oasis is water. There are relativdy more rivers in Xinjiang section Of the Eurasia Continental Bridge. But as far as the region is concerned, if we take Ururmqi as the boundary, river runoff of the western section accounts for 90%,the eastern section just occupies 10%, so surface runoff is highly concentrated in the west. In this paper, river water envirotnment and ground water environment are evaluated emphatical . On the whole,the status of water environment of seven rivers being evaluated is gradually improved and ground water quality of main cities along the bridge is good. In the future, carrying out sustainable development strategy and doing well in compositive prevention and cure should be long-term guidelines so as to ensure the normal running of the new Eurasia Continental Bridge and economic development along the continental bridge.
The opening of the new Eusasian Continental Bridge not only brings about great opportunities for development of Xinjjang, but the plays a major role in reducing the gap between the western and eastern parts of China. In general, Xinjiang section of the new Eusasian Continental Bridge goes ahead along the oasis belt of northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains with advanced economy and concentrated populattion. The main factor to determine the fate of oasis is water. There are relativdy more rivers in Xinjiang section Of the Eurasia Continental Bridge. But as far as the region is concerned, if we take Ururmqi as the boundary, river runoff of the western section accounts for 90%,the eastern section just occupies 10%, so surface runoff is highly concentrated in the west. In this paper, river water envirotnment and ground water environment are evaluated emphatical . On the whole,the status of water environment of seven rivers being evaluated is gradually improved and ground water quality of main cities along the bridge is good. In the future, carrying out sustainable development strategy and doing well in compositive prevention and cure should be long-term guidelines so as to ensure the normal running of the new Eurasia Continental Bridge and economic development along the continental bridge.
1997, 7(3): 259-269.
Abstract:
The data of Fe3+/Fe2+ show that the lowest annual air temperature of the Lushan,Huangshan and Tianmu mountains was not below 0℃, therefore, glacier couldn't develop in there regions. According to palaeomagnetic test combined with the phenomenon of reticulate pattern ground and lithologic identification, the authors elaborate that the “Poyang moraine” is mainly the fluvial sediments of the early period of the Middle Pleistocene. It was formed by transposition of the ancient Ganjiang River under the humid hot climate. For CM image, the Dajiaochang profile of the Lushan Mountain is very similar to periglacial and the debris flow deposits, but the profile of Jiangpochang and Yaoshaling have many kinds of geneses, i.e., debris flow, water debris flow and alluvial etc. In the south piedmont of the Huangshan Mountain, slope gravity and slope seasonal running water transportantion are mainly deposit factors. In the “glacial varve” of the Denglongqiao profile of the Tianmu Mountain, its CaO and Na2O content is lower than the nonglacial varve, the fact shows that it has the features of the violent leaching, weathering and nonglacial action.
The data of Fe3+/Fe2+ show that the lowest annual air temperature of the Lushan,Huangshan and Tianmu mountains was not below 0℃, therefore, glacier couldn't develop in there regions. According to palaeomagnetic test combined with the phenomenon of reticulate pattern ground and lithologic identification, the authors elaborate that the “Poyang moraine” is mainly the fluvial sediments of the early period of the Middle Pleistocene. It was formed by transposition of the ancient Ganjiang River under the humid hot climate. For CM image, the Dajiaochang profile of the Lushan Mountain is very similar to periglacial and the debris flow deposits, but the profile of Jiangpochang and Yaoshaling have many kinds of geneses, i.e., debris flow, water debris flow and alluvial etc. In the south piedmont of the Huangshan Mountain, slope gravity and slope seasonal running water transportantion are mainly deposit factors. In the “glacial varve” of the Denglongqiao profile of the Tianmu Mountain, its CaO and Na2O content is lower than the nonglacial varve, the fact shows that it has the features of the violent leaching, weathering and nonglacial action.
1997, 7(3): 270-277.
Abstract:
In China with the implement of the strategy of overall opening up to the outside world,northeast China has basically formed an open pattern with simultineous development of border opening and coast opening. As a national window to open up to the outside world, an open port system in northeast region has formed. These ports can be classified from different angles, such as management level, transport mode, location. From management level, they can be classified into the state firstclass ports and the second-class ports. According to transpost mode, they can be divided into railway port, highway port, water transport port, air transport port and special mode port, and based on location, they can be divided into border port, coast port and inland port. The oaper introduces in detail the foreign trade connection of 4 most representative state first-class border ports: Hunchun, Suifenhe, Heihe and Manzhouli. The open ports Of northeast coast regin mean mainly coast water transport ports in Liaodong Peninsula. The foreign trade connection of coast open ports: Dandong, Jinzhou,Yingkou and Dalian is expounded. And the paper also analyses the transport connection of ports of northeast region with their hinterlands.
In China with the implement of the strategy of overall opening up to the outside world,northeast China has basically formed an open pattern with simultineous development of border opening and coast opening. As a national window to open up to the outside world, an open port system in northeast region has formed. These ports can be classified from different angles, such as management level, transport mode, location. From management level, they can be classified into the state firstclass ports and the second-class ports. According to transpost mode, they can be divided into railway port, highway port, water transport port, air transport port and special mode port, and based on location, they can be divided into border port, coast port and inland port. The oaper introduces in detail the foreign trade connection of 4 most representative state first-class border ports: Hunchun, Suifenhe, Heihe and Manzhouli. The open ports Of northeast coast regin mean mainly coast water transport ports in Liaodong Peninsula. The foreign trade connection of coast open ports: Dandong, Jinzhou,Yingkou and Dalian is expounded. And the paper also analyses the transport connection of ports of northeast region with their hinterlands.
1997, 7(3): 278-288.
Abstract:
A method has been developed for estimating the filtered narrow band surface albedo with Landsat/TM date. In this method, the surface albedo from fitered range of Landsat/TM is converted to the surface albedo with unfiltered spcectral range. The atmospheric effects on each channel are systematically different, because of the different spectral behavior of atmospheric parameters.As a result, in this study, atmospheric correction has ho done respectively in different parameters for visible and infrared channels. The surface albedos of the Kushiro Mire gotten with this method were compared with the observed date there. The results show that the satellite inferred albedos have a good agreement tO the diurnal mean of ground observed albedos with 3% systematic error. There is a seasonal variation of albedo in high and low mires, the albedo decreased gradually from April to July and reached its minimum in July, further it rose gradually from August to October. It is also clear that there is a characteristic pattern of surface distribution according to the vegetation types of this area. The average surface albedos of each type of community are 0.164 for Sphagnum, 0.175 for Carex, 0.179 for Pragmites and 0.166 for Alnus. In the other words, the albedo in high mire (mainly covered by Sphagnum) is lower than that in low mire (mainly covered by phragmites and Carex).
A method has been developed for estimating the filtered narrow band surface albedo with Landsat/TM date. In this method, the surface albedo from fitered range of Landsat/TM is converted to the surface albedo with unfiltered spcectral range. The atmospheric effects on each channel are systematically different, because of the different spectral behavior of atmospheric parameters.As a result, in this study, atmospheric correction has ho done respectively in different parameters for visible and infrared channels. The surface albedos of the Kushiro Mire gotten with this method were compared with the observed date there. The results show that the satellite inferred albedos have a good agreement tO the diurnal mean of ground observed albedos with 3% systematic error. There is a seasonal variation of albedo in high and low mires, the albedo decreased gradually from April to July and reached its minimum in July, further it rose gradually from August to October. It is also clear that there is a characteristic pattern of surface distribution according to the vegetation types of this area. The average surface albedos of each type of community are 0.164 for Sphagnum, 0.175 for Carex, 0.179 for Pragmites and 0.166 for Alnus. In the other words, the albedo in high mire (mainly covered by Sphagnum) is lower than that in low mire (mainly covered by phragmites and Carex).
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