Modeling Hydrothermal Transfer Processes in Permafrost Regions of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China

HU Guojie; ZHAO Lin; LI Ren; WU Tonghua; WU Xiaodong; PANG Qiangqiang; XIAO Yao; QIAO Yongping; SHI Jianzong

doi:10.1007/s11769-015-0733-6

Volume 25 Issue 6

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Article Navigation > Chinese Geographical Science > 2015 > 25(6): 713-727

HU Guojie, ZHAO Lin, LI Ren, WU Tonghua, WU Xiaodong, PANG Qiangqiang, XIAO Yao, QIAO Yongping, SHI Jianzong. Modeling Hydrothermal Transfer Processes in Permafrost Regions of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China[J]. Chinese Geographical Science, 2015, 25(6): 713-727. doi: 10.1007/s11769-015-0733-6

Citation:

HU Guojie, ZHAO Lin, LI Ren, WU Tonghua, WU Xiaodong, PANG Qiangqiang, XIAO Yao, QIAO Yongping, SHI Jianzong. Modeling Hydrothermal Transfer Processes in Permafrost Regions of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China[J]. Chinese Geographical Science, 2015, 25(6): 713-727. doi: 10.1007/s11769-015-0733-6

Modeling Hydrothermal Transfer Processes in Permafrost Regions of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China

doi: 10.1007/s11769-015-0733-6

Cryosphere Research Station on Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China

Funds: Under the auspices of National Major Scientific Project of China (No. 2013CBA01803), Science Fund for Creative Research Groups of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41121001), National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41271081), Foundation of One Hundred Person Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. 51Y251571)

More Information

Corresponding author: ZHAO Lin. E-mail: linzhao@lzb.ac.cn
Received Date: 2013-09-30
Rev Recd Date: 2014-01-08
Publish Date: 2015-06-27

Abstract

Hydrothermal processes are key components in permafrost dynamics; these processes are integral to global warming. In this study the coupled heat and mass transfer model for (CoupModel) the soil-plant-atmosphere-system is applied in high-altitude permafrost regions and to model hydrothermal transfer processes in freeze-thaw cycles. Measured meteorological forcing and soil and vegetation properties are used in the CoupModel for the period from January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2012 at the Tanggula observation site in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. A 24-h time step is used in the model simulation. The results show that the simulated soil temperature and water content, as well as the frozen depth compare well with the measured data. The coefficient of determination (R²) is 0.97 for the mean soil temperature and 0.73 for the mean soil water content, respectively. The simulated soil heat flux at a depth of 0-20 cm is also consistent with the monitored data. An analysis is performed on the simulated hydrothermal transfer processes from the deep soil layer to the upper one during the freezing and thawing period. At the beginning of the freezing period, the water in the deep soil layer moves upward to the freezing front and releases heat during the freezing process. When the soil layer is completely frozen, there are no vertical water exchanges between the soil layers, and the heat exchange process is controlled by the vertical soil temperature gradient. During the thawing period, the downward heat process becomes more active due to increased incoming shortwave radiation at the ground surface. The melt water is quickly dissolved in the soil, and the soil water movement only changes in the shallow soil layer. Subsequently, the model was used to provide an evaluation of the potential response of the active layer to different scenarios of initial water content and climate warming at the Tanggula site. The results reveal that the soil water content and the organic layer provide protection against active layer deepening in summer, so climate warming will cause the permafrost active layer to become deeper and permafrost degradation.
- permafrost,
- coupled heat and mass transfer model (CoupModel),
- soil temperature,
- soil moisture,
- hydrothermal processes,
- active layer

References

[1]	Alexeev V A, Nicolsky D J, Romanovsky V E et al., 2007. An evaluation of deep soil configurations in the CLM3 for improved representation of permafrost. Geophysical Research Letters, 34(9): L090502. doi: 10.1029/2007GL029536
[2]	Bowling L C, Lettenmaier D P, Nijssen B et al., 2003. Simulation of high-latitude hydrological processes in the Torne-Kalix Basin: PILPS phase 2(e)3: Equivalent model representation and sensitivity experiments. Global and Planetary Change, 38(1-2): 55-71. doi: 10.1016/S0921-8181(03)00005-5
[3]	Cheng G D, Wu T H, 2007. Responses of permafrost to climate change and their environment significance, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Journal of Geophysical Research, 112 (F2): F02S03. doi: 10.1029/2006JF000631
[4]	Cheng Guodong, 1990. Recent development of geocryological study in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 45(2): 220-223. (in Chinese)
[5]	Cheng Guodong, 1998. Glaciology and geocryology of China in the past 40 years: Progress and prospect. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 20(3): 213-226. (in Chinese)
[6]	Cheng Guodong, Zhao Lin, 2000. The problems associated with permafrost in the development of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Quaternary Sciences, 20(6): 521-531. (in Chinese)
[7]	Eckersten H, Blomback K, Katterer T et al., 2001. Modelling C, N, water and heat dynamics in winter wheat under climate change in southern Sweden. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 86(3): 221-235. doi: 10.1016/S0167-8809(00)00284-X
[8]	Gao Z Q, Chae N, Kim J et al., 2004. Modeling of surface energy partitioning, surface temperature and soil wetness in the Tibet prairie using the simple biosphere model 2(SiB2). Journal of Geophysical Research, 102(D06): 1-11. doi: 10.1029/2003JD 004089
[9]	Harlan R L, 1973. Analysis of coupled heat-fluid transport in partially frozen soil. Water Resources Research, 9(5): 1314-1323. doi: 10.1029/WR009i005p01314
[10]	He Ping, Cheng Guodong, Zhu Yuanlin, 2001. The progress of study on heat and mass transfer in freezing soils. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 23(1): 92-98. (in Chinese)
[11]	Henderson-Sellers A, Pitman A J, Love P K et al., 1995. The project for intercomparison of land-surface parameterization schemes (PILPS)-phase-2 and phase-3. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 76(4): 489-503.
[12]	Henderson-Sellers A, Yang Z L, Dickinson R E, 1993. The project for intercomparison of land-surface parameterization schemes. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 74(7): 1335-1350.
[13]	Jansson P E, Karlberg L, 2004. Theory and practice of coupled heat and mass transfer model for soil-plant-atmosphere system. In: Zhang Hongjiang et al. (eds.). Translation. Beijing: Science Press, 1-50. (in Chinese)
[14]	Jansson P E, Moon D, 2001. A coupled model of water, heat and mass transfer using object orientation to improve flexibility and functionality. Environmental Modelling & Software, 16(1): 37-46. doi: 10.1016/S1364-8152(00)00062-1
[15]	Li X, Cheng G D, Jin H J et al., 2008. Cryospheric change in China. Global and Planetary Change, 62: 210-218.
[16]	Loumagne C, Chkir N, Normand M, 1996. Introduction of the soil vegetation-atmospheric continuum in a conceptual rainfall-runoff model. Hydrological Science Journal, 41(6): 889-902.
[17]	Luo Jinming, Deng Wei, Zhang Xiaoping et al., 2008. Variation of water and salinity in sodic saline soil during frozen-thawing season. Advances in Water Sciences, 19(4): 559-566. (in Chinese)
[18]	Luo Siqiong, Lv Shihua, Zhang Yu et al., 2008. Simulation analysis on land surface process of BJ site of central Tibet Plateau using CoLM. Plateau Meteorology, 27(2): 259-271. (in Chinese)
[19]	Mao Xuesong, Hu Changshun, Dou Mingjian et al., 2003. Dynamic observation and analysis of moisture and temperature field coupling process in freezing soil. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 25(1): 55-59. (in Chinese)
[20]	McGechan M B, Graham R, Vinten A J A et al., 1997. Parameter selection and testing the soil water model SOIL. Journal of Hydrology, 195(1-4): 312-334.
[21]	Nassar I N, Horton R, Flerchinger G N, 2000. Simultaneous heat and mass transfer in soil columns exposed to freezing/thawing conditions. Soil Science, 165(3): 208-216.
[22]	Nicolsky D J, Romanovsky V E, Alexeev V A et al., 2007. Improved modeling of permafrost dynamics in a GCM land surface scheme. Geophysical Research Letters, 34(8): L080501. doi: 10.1029/2007GL029525
[23]	Riseborough D W, Shiklomanov N I, Etzelmuller B et al., 2008. Recent advances in permafrost modeling. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 19(2): 137-156. doi: 10.1002/ ppp.615
[24]	Scherler M, Hauck C, Hoelzle M et al., 2010. Melt water infiltration into the frozen active layer at an Alpine permafrost site. Permafrost and Perglacial Process, 21(4): 325-334.
[25]	Shoop S A, Bigl S R, 1997. Moisture migration during freeze and thaw of unsaturated soils: Modeling and large scale experiments. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 25(1): 33-45. doi: 10.1016/S0165-232X (96)00015-8
[26]	Wang Chenghai, Shi Rui, 2007. Simulation of the land surface processes in the western Tibet Plateau in summer. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 29(1): 73-81. (in Chinese)
[27]	Wang Qingchun, Li Lin, Li Dongliang et al., 2005. Response of permafrost over Qinghai Plateau to climate warming. Plateau Meteorology, 24(5): 708-713. (in Chinese)
[28]	Wu Q B, Cheng G D, Ma W et al., 2006. Technical approaches on permafrost thermal stability for Qinghai-Tibet Railway. Geomechanics and Geoengineering, 1(2): 119-127. doi: 10.1080/ 17486020600777861
[29]	Wu Q B, Liu Y J, 2004. Ground temperature monitoring and its recent change in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 38(2-3): 85-92. doi: 10.1016/S0165-232X (03)00064-8
[30]	Wu Q B, Zhang T J, 2008. Recent permafrost warming on the Qinghai-Tibet Pleateau. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113: D13108.
[31]	Wu Qingbai, Shen Yongping, Shi Bin, 2003. Relationship between frozen soil together with its water-heat process and ecological environment in the Tibet Plateau. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 25(3): 250-255. (in Chinese)
[32]	Wu S H, Jansson P E, Zhang X Y, 2011a. Modeling temperature, moisture and surface heat balance in bare soil under seasonal frost conditions in China. European of Journal of Soil Science, 62(6): 780-796. doi: 10.1111/j. 1365-2389.2011.01397.x
[33]	Wu S H, Jansson P E, Kolari P, 2012. The role of air and soil temperature in the seasonality of photosynthesis and transpiration in a boreal scots pine ecosystem. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 156: 85-103. doi: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2012. 01.006
[34]	Xiao Y, Zhao L, Dai Y J et al., 2013. Representing permafrost properties in CoLM for the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 87(4): 68-77. doi: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2012.12.004
[35]	Xiao Yao, Zhao Lin, Li Ren et al., 2011. Seasonal variation characteristics of surface energy budget components in permafrost regions of northern Tibet Plateau. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 33(5): 1033-1037. (in Chinese)
[36]	Xu Xuezu, Wang Jiacheng, Zhang Lixin, 2001. Physics of Frozen Soils. Beijing: Science Press, 1-30. (in Chinese)
[37]	Yang Jianping, Ding Yongjian, Chen Rensheng et al., 2004. Permafrost change and its effect on eco-environment in the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers. Journal of Mountain Science, 22(3): 278-285. (in Chinese)
[38]	Yang Meixue, Yao Tandong, 1998. A review of the study on the impact of snow cover in the Tibet an Plateau on Asian Monsoon. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 20(2): 14-19. (in Chinese)
[39]	Yang Yong, Chen Rensheng, Ji Xibin et al., 2010. Heat and water transfer processes on alpine meadow frozen grounds of Heihe mountainous in Northwest China. Advances in Water Science, 21(1): 30-34. (in Chinese)
[40]	Yao J M, Zhao L, Ding Y J et al., 2008. The surface energy budget and evapotranspiration in the Tanggula region on the Tibet Plateau. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 52(1): 326-340. doi: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2007.04.001
[41]	Zhang S L, Lövdahl L, Grip H et al., 2007. Modelling the effects of mulching and fallow cropping on water balance in the Chinese Loess Plateau. Soil & Tillage Research, 100(2-3): 311-319. doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2006.08.006
[42]	Zhang Yanwu, Lv Shihua, Li Dongliang et al., 2003. Numerical simulation of freezing soil process on Qinghai-Xizang Plateau in early winter. Plateau Meteorology, 22(5): 471-477. (in Chinese)
[43]	Zhang Yu, Song Meihong, Lv Shihua et al., 2003. Frozen soil parameterization scheme coupled with mesoscale model. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 25(5): 541-546. (in Chinese)
[44]	Zhao Lin, 2004. The Freezing-thawing Processes of Active Layer and Changes of Seasonally Frozen Ground on the Tibet Plateau. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Sciences, 30-50. (in Chinese)
[45]	Zhao Lin, Li Ren, Ding Yongjian, 2008. Simulation on the soil water-thermal characteristics of the active layer in Tanggula range. Journal of Glaciology and Permafrost Engineering, 30(6): 930-937. (in Chinese)
[46]	Zhou J, Kinzelbach W, Cheng G D et al., 2013. Monitoring and modelling the influence of snow pack and organic soil on a permafrost active layer, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 90-91: 38-52. doi: 10.1016/ j.coldregions.2013.03.003

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通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

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沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142

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Modeling Hydrothermal Transfer Processes in Permafrost Regions of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China

Cryosphere Research Station on Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China

Corresponding author: ZHAO Lin. E-mail: linzhao@lzb.ac.cn

Received Date: 2013-09-30

Rev Recd Date: 2014-01-08

Publish Date: 2015-06-27

Key words:

permafrost /
coupled heat and mass transfer model (CoupModel) /
soil temperature /
soil moisture /
hydrothermal processes /
active layer

Abstract: Hydrothermal processes are key components in permafrost dynamics; these processes are integral to global warming. In this study the coupled heat and mass transfer model for (CoupModel) the soil-plant-atmosphere-system is applied in high-altitude permafrost regions and to model hydrothermal transfer processes in freeze-thaw cycles. Measured meteorological forcing and soil and vegetation properties are used in the CoupModel for the period from January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2012 at the Tanggula observation site in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. A 24-h time step is used in the model simulation. The results show that the simulated soil temperature and water content, as well as the frozen depth compare well with the measured data. The coefficient of determination (R²) is 0.97 for the mean soil temperature and 0.73 for the mean soil water content, respectively. The simulated soil heat flux at a depth of 0-20 cm is also consistent with the monitored data. An analysis is performed on the simulated hydrothermal transfer processes from the deep soil layer to the upper one during the freezing and thawing period. At the beginning of the freezing period, the water in the deep soil layer moves upward to the freezing front and releases heat during the freezing process. When the soil layer is completely frozen, there are no vertical water exchanges between the soil layers, and the heat exchange process is controlled by the vertical soil temperature gradient. During the thawing period, the downward heat process becomes more active due to increased incoming shortwave radiation at the ground surface. The melt water is quickly dissolved in the soil, and the soil water movement only changes in the shallow soil layer. Subsequently, the model was used to provide an evaluation of the potential response of the active layer to different scenarios of initial water content and climate warming at the Tanggula site. The results reveal that the soil water content and the organic layer provide protection against active layer deepening in summer, so climate warming will cause the permafrost active layer to become deeper and permafrost degradation.

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Reference (46)

[1]	Alexeev V A, Nicolsky D J, Romanovsky V E et al., 2007. An evaluation of deep soil configurations in the CLM3 for improved representation of permafrost. Geophysical Research Letters, 34(9): L090502. doi: 10.1029/2007GL029536
[2]	Bowling L C, Lettenmaier D P, Nijssen B et al., 2003. Simulation of high-latitude hydrological processes in the Torne-Kalix Basin: PILPS phase 2(e)3: Equivalent model representation and sensitivity experiments. Global and Planetary Change, 38(1-2): 55-71. doi: 10.1016/S0921-8181(03)00005-5
[3]	Cheng G D, Wu T H, 2007. Responses of permafrost to climate change and their environment significance, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Journal of Geophysical Research, 112 (F2): F02S03. doi: 10.1029/2006JF000631
[4]	Cheng Guodong, 1990. Recent development of geocryological study in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 45(2): 220-223. (in Chinese)
[5]	Cheng Guodong, 1998. Glaciology and geocryology of China in the past 40 years: Progress and prospect. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 20(3): 213-226. (in Chinese)
[6]	Cheng Guodong, Zhao Lin, 2000. The problems associated with permafrost in the development of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Quaternary Sciences, 20(6): 521-531. (in Chinese)
[7]	Eckersten H, Blomback K, Katterer T et al., 2001. Modelling C, N, water and heat dynamics in winter wheat under climate change in southern Sweden. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 86(3): 221-235. doi: 10.1016/S0167-8809(00)00284-X
[8]	Gao Z Q, Chae N, Kim J et al., 2004. Modeling of surface energy partitioning, surface temperature and soil wetness in the Tibet prairie using the simple biosphere model 2(SiB2). Journal of Geophysical Research, 102(D06): 1-11. doi: 10.1029/2003JD 004089
[9]	Harlan R L, 1973. Analysis of coupled heat-fluid transport in partially frozen soil. Water Resources Research, 9(5): 1314-1323. doi: 10.1029/WR009i005p01314
[10]	He Ping, Cheng Guodong, Zhu Yuanlin, 2001. The progress of study on heat and mass transfer in freezing soils. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 23(1): 92-98. (in Chinese)
[11]	Henderson-Sellers A, Pitman A J, Love P K et al., 1995. The project for intercomparison of land-surface parameterization schemes (PILPS)-phase-2 and phase-3. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 76(4): 489-503.
[12]	Henderson-Sellers A, Yang Z L, Dickinson R E, 1993. The project for intercomparison of land-surface parameterization schemes. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 74(7): 1335-1350.
[13]	Jansson P E, Karlberg L, 2004. Theory and practice of coupled heat and mass transfer model for soil-plant-atmosphere system. In: Zhang Hongjiang et al. (eds.). Translation. Beijing: Science Press, 1-50. (in Chinese)
[14]	Jansson P E, Moon D, 2001. A coupled model of water, heat and mass transfer using object orientation to improve flexibility and functionality. Environmental Modelling & Software, 16(1): 37-46. doi: 10.1016/S1364-8152(00)00062-1
[15]	Li X, Cheng G D, Jin H J et al., 2008. Cryospheric change in China. Global and Planetary Change, 62: 210-218.
[16]	Loumagne C, Chkir N, Normand M, 1996. Introduction of the soil vegetation-atmospheric continuum in a conceptual rainfall-runoff model. Hydrological Science Journal, 41(6): 889-902.
[17]	Luo Jinming, Deng Wei, Zhang Xiaoping et al., 2008. Variation of water and salinity in sodic saline soil during frozen-thawing season. Advances in Water Sciences, 19(4): 559-566. (in Chinese)
[18]	Luo Siqiong, Lv Shihua, Zhang Yu et al., 2008. Simulation analysis on land surface process of BJ site of central Tibet Plateau using CoLM. Plateau Meteorology, 27(2): 259-271. (in Chinese)
[19]	Mao Xuesong, Hu Changshun, Dou Mingjian et al., 2003. Dynamic observation and analysis of moisture and temperature field coupling process in freezing soil. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 25(1): 55-59. (in Chinese)
[20]	McGechan M B, Graham R, Vinten A J A et al., 1997. Parameter selection and testing the soil water model SOIL. Journal of Hydrology, 195(1-4): 312-334.
[21]	Nassar I N, Horton R, Flerchinger G N, 2000. Simultaneous heat and mass transfer in soil columns exposed to freezing/thawing conditions. Soil Science, 165(3): 208-216.
[22]	Nicolsky D J, Romanovsky V E, Alexeev V A et al., 2007. Improved modeling of permafrost dynamics in a GCM land surface scheme. Geophysical Research Letters, 34(8): L080501. doi: 10.1029/2007GL029525
[23]	Riseborough D W, Shiklomanov N I, Etzelmuller B et al., 2008. Recent advances in permafrost modeling. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 19(2): 137-156. doi: 10.1002/ ppp.615
[24]	Scherler M, Hauck C, Hoelzle M et al., 2010. Melt water infiltration into the frozen active layer at an Alpine permafrost site. Permafrost and Perglacial Process, 21(4): 325-334.
[25]	Shoop S A, Bigl S R, 1997. Moisture migration during freeze and thaw of unsaturated soils: Modeling and large scale experiments. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 25(1): 33-45. doi: 10.1016/S0165-232X (96)00015-8
[26]	Wang Chenghai, Shi Rui, 2007. Simulation of the land surface processes in the western Tibet Plateau in summer. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 29(1): 73-81. (in Chinese)
[27]	Wang Qingchun, Li Lin, Li Dongliang et al., 2005. Response of permafrost over Qinghai Plateau to climate warming. Plateau Meteorology, 24(5): 708-713. (in Chinese)
[28]	Wu Q B, Cheng G D, Ma W et al., 2006. Technical approaches on permafrost thermal stability for Qinghai-Tibet Railway. Geomechanics and Geoengineering, 1(2): 119-127. doi: 10.1080/ 17486020600777861
[29]	Wu Q B, Liu Y J, 2004. Ground temperature monitoring and its recent change in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 38(2-3): 85-92. doi: 10.1016/S0165-232X (03)00064-8
[30]	Wu Q B, Zhang T J, 2008. Recent permafrost warming on the Qinghai-Tibet Pleateau. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113: D13108.
[31]	Wu Qingbai, Shen Yongping, Shi Bin, 2003. Relationship between frozen soil together with its water-heat process and ecological environment in the Tibet Plateau. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 25(3): 250-255. (in Chinese)
[32]	Wu S H, Jansson P E, Zhang X Y, 2011a. Modeling temperature, moisture and surface heat balance in bare soil under seasonal frost conditions in China. European of Journal of Soil Science, 62(6): 780-796. doi: 10.1111/j. 1365-2389.2011.01397.x
[33]	Wu S H, Jansson P E, Kolari P, 2012. The role of air and soil temperature in the seasonality of photosynthesis and transpiration in a boreal scots pine ecosystem. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 156: 85-103. doi: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2012. 01.006
[34]	Xiao Y, Zhao L, Dai Y J et al., 2013. Representing permafrost properties in CoLM for the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 87(4): 68-77. doi: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2012.12.004
[35]	Xiao Yao, Zhao Lin, Li Ren et al., 2011. Seasonal variation characteristics of surface energy budget components in permafrost regions of northern Tibet Plateau. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 33(5): 1033-1037. (in Chinese)
[36]	Xu Xuezu, Wang Jiacheng, Zhang Lixin, 2001. Physics of Frozen Soils. Beijing: Science Press, 1-30. (in Chinese)
[37]	Yang Jianping, Ding Yongjian, Chen Rensheng et al., 2004. Permafrost change and its effect on eco-environment in the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers. Journal of Mountain Science, 22(3): 278-285. (in Chinese)
[38]	Yang Meixue, Yao Tandong, 1998. A review of the study on the impact of snow cover in the Tibet an Plateau on Asian Monsoon. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 20(2): 14-19. (in Chinese)
[39]	Yang Yong, Chen Rensheng, Ji Xibin et al., 2010. Heat and water transfer processes on alpine meadow frozen grounds of Heihe mountainous in Northwest China. Advances in Water Science, 21(1): 30-34. (in Chinese)
[40]	Yao J M, Zhao L, Ding Y J et al., 2008. The surface energy budget and evapotranspiration in the Tanggula region on the Tibet Plateau. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 52(1): 326-340. doi: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2007.04.001
[41]	Zhang S L, Lövdahl L, Grip H et al., 2007. Modelling the effects of mulching and fallow cropping on water balance in the Chinese Loess Plateau. Soil & Tillage Research, 100(2-3): 311-319. doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2006.08.006
[42]	Zhang Yanwu, Lv Shihua, Li Dongliang et al., 2003. Numerical simulation of freezing soil process on Qinghai-Xizang Plateau in early winter. Plateau Meteorology, 22(5): 471-477. (in Chinese)
[43]	Zhang Yu, Song Meihong, Lv Shihua et al., 2003. Frozen soil parameterization scheme coupled with mesoscale model. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 25(5): 541-546. (in Chinese)
[44]	Zhao Lin, 2004. The Freezing-thawing Processes of Active Layer and Changes of Seasonally Frozen Ground on the Tibet Plateau. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Sciences, 30-50. (in Chinese)
[45]	Zhao Lin, Li Ren, Ding Yongjian, 2008. Simulation on the soil water-thermal characteristics of the active layer in Tanggula range. Journal of Glaciology and Permafrost Engineering, 30(6): 930-937. (in Chinese)
[46]	Zhou J, Kinzelbach W, Cheng G D et al., 2013. Monitoring and modelling the influence of snow pack and organic soil on a permafrost active layer, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 90-91: 38-52. doi: 10.1016/ j.coldregions.2013.03.003

Modeling Hydrothermal Transfer Processes in Permafrost Regions of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China

doi: 10.1007/s11769-015-0733-6

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