Abstract: Rapid urbanization (UR) profoundly reshapes landscape patterns and modifies ecological functions, thereby affecting ecosystem services (ES). While previous research has explored this topic, studies examining the complex relationship between UR and ES indicators remain scarce. Taking the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) as a case study, this study integrates ecological modeling, Random Forest, geographically weighted regression, and bivariate local spatial autocorrelation to analyze the spatiotemporal relationships and interaction mechanisms between multidimensional UR indicators and multiple types of ES from 1980 to 2020. The results show that UR in the YREB follows a clear east-high, west-low gradient pattern, with economic and land urbanization growing notably faster than population urbanization. Among ES, water yield, soil retention, and carbon sequestration have all increased, while habitat quality has remained generally stable with a slight decline. UR exerts nonlinear and spatially heterogeneous effects on ES, with SR and HQ negatively affected by POPD and ULP, GDPD having positive effects, WY negatively influences by POPD, NEP negatively impacted by ULP, and other UR and ES indicators showing more complex patterns. The spatial interaction between UR and ES is largely characterized by a ‘Low UR-High ES’ pattern, which enables the functional division of the YREB into Ecological Conservation Areas, Ecological Enhancement Areas, Ecological Source Areas, and Ecological Restoration Areas. This study provides a scientific basis for coordinating regional development and ecological conservation by revealing the spatiotemporal feedback mechanisms within the UR-ES subsystem.