2002年 第12卷 第3期
2002, 12(3): 193-198.
摘要:
Land-use change is an important part of global change research (IGBP, 1990-1992). But the majorityof researches focus on the natural driving force of land use change. In this paper, the authors studied the relationship between socio-economic driving factors and land-use change with time series in Hainan Island. Based on the study for theevolution of administrative system and policies in Hainan Island and the comprehensive analysis on the social economy data and changes of social policies, the socio-economic policies, human activities and land use of Hainan can be dividedinto three periods with different characters: period from 1950 to 1978 characterized by the planning economic system, peried from 1978 to 1988 characterized by the transfer of economic system and adoption of open policy, new stage from 1988 to 1998 with high growing speed.On the other hand the authors describe the character of the periods and land-use changeprocess affected by socio-economic factors. This paper provides an important method for evaluating the development andchanges of Hainam social economy during the 50 years from 1950 to 1999 and forecasting the development of Hainan social economy in future.
Land-use change is an important part of global change research (IGBP, 1990-1992). But the majorityof researches focus on the natural driving force of land use change. In this paper, the authors studied the relationship between socio-economic driving factors and land-use change with time series in Hainan Island. Based on the study for theevolution of administrative system and policies in Hainan Island and the comprehensive analysis on the social economy data and changes of social policies, the socio-economic policies, human activities and land use of Hainan can be dividedinto three periods with different characters: period from 1950 to 1978 characterized by the planning economic system, peried from 1978 to 1988 characterized by the transfer of economic system and adoption of open policy, new stage from 1988 to 1998 with high growing speed.On the other hand the authors describe the character of the periods and land-use changeprocess affected by socio-economic factors. This paper provides an important method for evaluating the development andchanges of Hainam social economy during the 50 years from 1950 to 1999 and forecasting the development of Hainan social economy in future.
2002, 12(3): 199-205.
摘要:
Human beings have had a tremendous impact on natural ecosystems and are now the principal power tochange the biosphere. It is logical that we should pay close attention to the interaction between human systems and environmental systems. Taking Minqin basin, Gansu Province, as a case, this paper focuses on the evolution of regional physical environments and the cultural systems by which people maintain their relationships with those environments. This paper presents the conceptual framework for the man-land system. Expecting to accelerate the regional sustainable development, it also analyses the evolutionary mechanism of regional man-land system. On the basis of reviewing and analyzingthe evolution of man-land system in Minqin basin, the paper also brings forward an adjusting mode for the studied area,which consists of three aspects:to build up a concept that economic growth must harmonize with environmental quality'sand land productivity's improvement; to make a whole planning and management in the drainage area; and to push forward the technique of water-saving irrigation and establish water-saving agricultural system. It's meaningful for resourceexploitation and sustainable development of Chinese northwestern arid area, which is represented by Minqin basin, by understanding what great changes the basin has experienced and is experiencing at the global background, and studying its timeorder and territorial structure, the system's character and law of evolution, trend and the regulating ways to improve man-land relationship.
Human beings have had a tremendous impact on natural ecosystems and are now the principal power tochange the biosphere. It is logical that we should pay close attention to the interaction between human systems and environmental systems. Taking Minqin basin, Gansu Province, as a case, this paper focuses on the evolution of regional physical environments and the cultural systems by which people maintain their relationships with those environments. This paper presents the conceptual framework for the man-land system. Expecting to accelerate the regional sustainable development, it also analyses the evolutionary mechanism of regional man-land system. On the basis of reviewing and analyzingthe evolution of man-land system in Minqin basin, the paper also brings forward an adjusting mode for the studied area,which consists of three aspects:to build up a concept that economic growth must harmonize with environmental quality'sand land productivity's improvement; to make a whole planning and management in the drainage area; and to push forward the technique of water-saving irrigation and establish water-saving agricultural system. It's meaningful for resourceexploitation and sustainable development of Chinese northwestern arid area, which is represented by Minqin basin, by understanding what great changes the basin has experienced and is experiencing at the global background, and studying its timeorder and territorial structure, the system's character and law of evolution, trend and the regulating ways to improve man-land relationship.
2002, 12(3): 206-211.
摘要:
Daqing is a mining city that was set up on wetland by exploiting and processing petroleum. This paperpoints out that net-group urban system is the optimization mode for Daqing urban spatial structure through analyzing andappraising the present situation, characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of Daqing spatial structure. And the best way of optimizing Daqing urban spatial structure is to adopt sustainable development strategy, establish the coordinatedgrade structure of urban system, construct developed towns net system, prefect the function structure of the towns at alllevels, make full use of resources and strengthen environmental protection. Spatial structure of Daqing must be accordingly adjusted in order to adapt to the transformation of future economy types and functions. Based on the foundation of keeping net group, the development should be from disperse to moderate centralization in order to give prominence to the multifunction of the central city. Constructing ruralizing city should be the future goal of Daqing City.
Daqing is a mining city that was set up on wetland by exploiting and processing petroleum. This paperpoints out that net-group urban system is the optimization mode for Daqing urban spatial structure through analyzing andappraising the present situation, characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of Daqing spatial structure. And the best way of optimizing Daqing urban spatial structure is to adopt sustainable development strategy, establish the coordinatedgrade structure of urban system, construct developed towns net system, prefect the function structure of the towns at alllevels, make full use of resources and strengthen environmental protection. Spatial structure of Daqing must be accordingly adjusted in order to adapt to the transformation of future economy types and functions. Based on the foundation of keeping net group, the development should be from disperse to moderate centralization in order to give prominence to the multifunction of the central city. Constructing ruralizing city should be the future goal of Daqing City.
2002, 12(3): 212-217.
摘要:
In rapid socio-economic development, the process of concentration and dispersal of various elements tendsto be more dramatic,tremendously influencing the shaping and transformation of the space in metropolitan area. Surveyof spatial concentration and decentralization has thus become a basic method in examining metropolitan spatial evolution.In this research, three elements were selected as the essential indicators of the process: demographic density distribution, employment density distribution and business office location. Performance of these elements in Nanjing City was examined historically. As Nanjing City could be regarded as a representative of metropolitan areas in China, its situation largely suggestes the general characteristics in similar areas of China. Hence based on the investigation of Nanjing City, fourgeneral implications were highlighted. First, metropolitan areas in China are in a violent process and shift ofspatial concentration and decentralization. Second, from now to at ]east the near future, concentration will continue to be the central feature. Third, the landscape of metropolitan areas basically exhibits a dual structure character. The gap in environmentaland ecological qualities among different districts will continue for a long time. Fourth, Central Business District (CBD) is playing an important role in helping to convert the traditionally single-centered city structure into a polycentric one.
In rapid socio-economic development, the process of concentration and dispersal of various elements tendsto be more dramatic,tremendously influencing the shaping and transformation of the space in metropolitan area. Surveyof spatial concentration and decentralization has thus become a basic method in examining metropolitan spatial evolution.In this research, three elements were selected as the essential indicators of the process: demographic density distribution, employment density distribution and business office location. Performance of these elements in Nanjing City was examined historically. As Nanjing City could be regarded as a representative of metropolitan areas in China, its situation largely suggestes the general characteristics in similar areas of China. Hence based on the investigation of Nanjing City, fourgeneral implications were highlighted. First, metropolitan areas in China are in a violent process and shift ofspatial concentration and decentralization. Second, from now to at ]east the near future, concentration will continue to be the central feature. Third, the landscape of metropolitan areas basically exhibits a dual structure character. The gap in environmentaland ecological qualities among different districts will continue for a long time. Fourth, Central Business District (CBD) is playing an important role in helping to convert the traditionally single-centered city structure into a polycentric one.
2002, 12(3): 218-225.
摘要:
Based on the data of resources, environment and foundation of production, applying principal components-clustering quantitative analysis, this article divides the maritime space of Changshan Islands into three regions ofagricultural-pasturalization, providing a scientific basis for the rational distribution of marine cultivation. The three regions are as follows: 1)The region of an agricultural-pasturalization in the northern part of maritime space. It includes DaWangjia and Shicheng islands. The main production is cultivation of prawn and molluscs in sea beach, float raft cultureof mussel in shallow sea and scallop, and breeding of sea cucumber in submarine. 2) The region of agricultural-pasturalization in the middle western part of maritime space. It includes Da Changshan and Guanglu islands, and western part of Xiao Chengshan Island. The main production is float raft culture of mussel and scallop in shallow sea, and breeding of sea cucumber in submarine. 3)The region of agricultural-pasturalization of the southeastern part of maritime space.It includes the eastern part of Xiao ChangShan Island, Haiyang and Zhangzi islands. The main production is breeding ofabalone, sea cucumber, algaes and fish.
Based on the data of resources, environment and foundation of production, applying principal components-clustering quantitative analysis, this article divides the maritime space of Changshan Islands into three regions ofagricultural-pasturalization, providing a scientific basis for the rational distribution of marine cultivation. The three regions are as follows: 1)The region of an agricultural-pasturalization in the northern part of maritime space. It includes DaWangjia and Shicheng islands. The main production is cultivation of prawn and molluscs in sea beach, float raft cultureof mussel in shallow sea and scallop, and breeding of sea cucumber in submarine. 2) The region of agricultural-pasturalization in the middle western part of maritime space. It includes Da Changshan and Guanglu islands, and western part of Xiao Chengshan Island. The main production is float raft culture of mussel and scallop in shallow sea, and breeding of sea cucumber in submarine. 3)The region of agricultural-pasturalization of the southeastern part of maritime space.It includes the eastern part of Xiao ChangShan Island, Haiyang and Zhangzi islands. The main production is breeding ofabalone, sea cucumber, algaes and fish.
2002, 12(3): 226-232.
摘要:
In the forming of the Dynamic System of Tourism Development (DSTD) in developed regions from theview of supply side, the Delphi Method and the Analytical Hierarchy Process(AHP) are used to count the weight of eachcomponent of the DSTD. It has been found that the attraction subsystem is the most important one of the three subsystemsat the firt hierarchical level of DSTD, which means that tourist attractions are always the principal factors for regionaltourism development, even in developed regions. But it is also noteworthy that the significance of the attraction subsystemis not dominant in the DSTD. At the second hierarchical level, the physical attraction subsystem rank No. 1, while theweight of the non-physical attraction subsystem is just a little larger than the weight of the hardware subsystem and that ofsoftware subsystem. And the weights of the three components in the medium subsystem are similar. The top 3 factors atthe third hierarchical level are scenic spot, location and regional economic impact. The result verifies the conclusions ofqualitative analysis, which depends on the market research and the study of historical date, that the most important component of the DSTD in Feshan is the impact of the developed economy. Knowing the weight of each component of the DSTDcan be helpful to make out the most useful force, furthermore to determine the future orientation for regional tourism development.
In the forming of the Dynamic System of Tourism Development (DSTD) in developed regions from theview of supply side, the Delphi Method and the Analytical Hierarchy Process(AHP) are used to count the weight of eachcomponent of the DSTD. It has been found that the attraction subsystem is the most important one of the three subsystemsat the firt hierarchical level of DSTD, which means that tourist attractions are always the principal factors for regionaltourism development, even in developed regions. But it is also noteworthy that the significance of the attraction subsystemis not dominant in the DSTD. At the second hierarchical level, the physical attraction subsystem rank No. 1, while theweight of the non-physical attraction subsystem is just a little larger than the weight of the hardware subsystem and that ofsoftware subsystem. And the weights of the three components in the medium subsystem are similar. The top 3 factors atthe third hierarchical level are scenic spot, location and regional economic impact. The result verifies the conclusions ofqualitative analysis, which depends on the market research and the study of historical date, that the most important component of the DSTD in Feshan is the impact of the developed economy. Knowing the weight of each component of the DSTDcan be helpful to make out the most useful force, furthermore to determine the future orientation for regional tourism development.
2002, 12(3): 233-237.
摘要:
The gap between SDA (Spatial Data Analysis) and GIS (Geographical Information Systems) existed for a long time. Presently this problem still remains in spite of a lot of theoretical and practical studies which try to find the solution for it. The research background and current situation about how to integrate SDA and GIS are introduced at first. The main idea of this article is to make sure what is the best scheme to bridge the gap between SDA and GIS and how to designit. There are a lot of factors to influence the standards to assess such a scheme, for instance, the attitude of users and GIS developers, the framework and related functions of current available GIS software in the market and so on. But the two most important ones of them are efficiency and flexibility of the scheme itself. Efficiency can be measured by the convenient extent and temporal length when it is used for carrying out SDA. Flexibility means users can define their own SDAmethods. The best integration scheme should satisfy the two standards at the same time. A group of functions, which can be combined to implement any SDA method, are defined in order to design such an integration scheme. The functions are divided into five classes according to their properties.
The gap between SDA (Spatial Data Analysis) and GIS (Geographical Information Systems) existed for a long time. Presently this problem still remains in spite of a lot of theoretical and practical studies which try to find the solution for it. The research background and current situation about how to integrate SDA and GIS are introduced at first. The main idea of this article is to make sure what is the best scheme to bridge the gap between SDA and GIS and how to designit. There are a lot of factors to influence the standards to assess such a scheme, for instance, the attitude of users and GIS developers, the framework and related functions of current available GIS software in the market and so on. But the two most important ones of them are efficiency and flexibility of the scheme itself. Efficiency can be measured by the convenient extent and temporal length when it is used for carrying out SDA. Flexibility means users can define their own SDAmethods. The best integration scheme should satisfy the two standards at the same time. A group of functions, which can be combined to implement any SDA method, are defined in order to design such an integration scheme. The functions are divided into five classes according to their properties.
2002, 12(3): 238-243.
摘要:
Horqin Sand Land is regarded as the typical region for studying the problem of desertification. The integration of 3S(GIS, GPS and RS) techniques offer a most helpful method to study and monitor the dynamics of desertification.Based on the data derived from 3 periods' mulfitemporal Landsat TM imagery of the 1990s, the regional land use and dynamics of desertification in Horqin Sand L and were studied. The main results revealed that: 1) as long as the general change tendency was concerned, the desertification of Horqin Sand Land would continue to spread; 2) there was a gradual decrease in the area of both moving sand dunes and semi-stabilized ones, which meant that fruitful progress had been madeto control the desertification during the 1990s; 3) as a result of unreasonable cultivation, the total area of stabilized sand dunes and grassland in the middle and western region decreased obviously. It suggested that the increasing damagecaused by human was leading to the hazard of further desertitication. So in the future, it is necessary to take more effective measures to control the spread of desertification and restore the degraded ecosystems for the purpose of optimizing theglobal eco-environment in Horqin Sand Land.
Horqin Sand Land is regarded as the typical region for studying the problem of desertification. The integration of 3S(GIS, GPS and RS) techniques offer a most helpful method to study and monitor the dynamics of desertification.Based on the data derived from 3 periods' mulfitemporal Landsat TM imagery of the 1990s, the regional land use and dynamics of desertification in Horqin Sand L and were studied. The main results revealed that: 1) as long as the general change tendency was concerned, the desertification of Horqin Sand Land would continue to spread; 2) there was a gradual decrease in the area of both moving sand dunes and semi-stabilized ones, which meant that fruitful progress had been madeto control the desertification during the 1990s; 3) as a result of unreasonable cultivation, the total area of stabilized sand dunes and grassland in the middle and western region decreased obviously. It suggested that the increasing damagecaused by human was leading to the hazard of further desertitication. So in the future, it is necessary to take more effective measures to control the spread of desertification and restore the degraded ecosystems for the purpose of optimizing theglobal eco-environment in Horqin Sand Land.
2002, 12(3): 244-248.
摘要:
Remote Sensing image fusion is an effective way to use the large volume of data from multi-source images.This paper introduces a new method of remote sensing image fusion based on support vector machine (SVM), using high spatial resolution data SPIN-2 and multi-spectral remote sensing data SPOT-4. Firstly, the new method is established by building a model of remote sensing image fusion based on SVM. Then by using SPIN-2 data and SPOT-4 data, image classification fusion is tested. Finally, an evaluation of the fusion result is made in two ways. 1) From subjectivity assessment,the spatial resolution of the fused image is improved compared to the SPOT-4. And it is clearly that the texture of the fused image is distinctive. 2) From quantitative analysis, the effect of classification fusion is better. As a whole, the result shows that the accuracy of image fusion based on SVM is high and the SVM algorithm can be recommended for application in remote sensing image fusion processes.
Remote Sensing image fusion is an effective way to use the large volume of data from multi-source images.This paper introduces a new method of remote sensing image fusion based on support vector machine (SVM), using high spatial resolution data SPIN-2 and multi-spectral remote sensing data SPOT-4. Firstly, the new method is established by building a model of remote sensing image fusion based on SVM. Then by using SPIN-2 data and SPOT-4 data, image classification fusion is tested. Finally, an evaluation of the fusion result is made in two ways. 1) From subjectivity assessment,the spatial resolution of the fused image is improved compared to the SPOT-4. And it is clearly that the texture of the fused image is distinctive. 2) From quantitative analysis, the effect of classification fusion is better. As a whole, the result shows that the accuracy of image fusion based on SVM is high and the SVM algorithm can be recommended for application in remote sensing image fusion processes.
2002, 12(3): 249-253.
摘要:
Information on the palaeocnvironment from Late Pleistocene to Holocene in northwestern Yannan Plateau has been deduced from a study of a 28.81m-long core taken from Napahai Lake. The results from Relative Brightness Index (RBI) as well as those from the lithological analyses of bulk sediments, total organic carbon and granulometric analyses have been used to reconstruct the environmental and climatic evolution of the area. The ages were provided by three 14C datings. The record suggested a climate fluctuation between warm-dry and cool-wet from ca. 7 to 32ka B. P., which led a shallowing and swamping of the lake. The water level again increased quickly at ca. 32ka B. P., reached it's peak during LGM (Last Glacial Maximum, ca. 18-20ka B. P.) and remained relative high until ca. 1ka B. P. The high water level at LGM is attributed to cold-wet conditions. The area experienced an abrupt and unstable climatic changes during the transition period from 1 to 10ka B. P. with a dominated littoral environment. A warm-dry climate led to the contraction of the lake during the Holocene and reed-swamps became dominant. After a minor wet-cool pulse during the Late Holocene, the modem climate became to be established.
Information on the palaeocnvironment from Late Pleistocene to Holocene in northwestern Yannan Plateau has been deduced from a study of a 28.81m-long core taken from Napahai Lake. The results from Relative Brightness Index (RBI) as well as those from the lithological analyses of bulk sediments, total organic carbon and granulometric analyses have been used to reconstruct the environmental and climatic evolution of the area. The ages were provided by three 14C datings. The record suggested a climate fluctuation between warm-dry and cool-wet from ca. 7 to 32ka B. P., which led a shallowing and swamping of the lake. The water level again increased quickly at ca. 32ka B. P., reached it's peak during LGM (Last Glacial Maximum, ca. 18-20ka B. P.) and remained relative high until ca. 1ka B. P. The high water level at LGM is attributed to cold-wet conditions. The area experienced an abrupt and unstable climatic changes during the transition period from 1 to 10ka B. P. with a dominated littoral environment. A warm-dry climate led to the contraction of the lake during the Holocene and reed-swamps became dominant. After a minor wet-cool pulse during the Late Holocene, the modem climate became to be established.
2002, 12(3): 254-261.
摘要:
Dongting Lake is internationally an important wetland. We studied and summarized the conception, function, classification and current situation of the wetland-landscape culture in this region. The results showed that the culture of Dongting Lake wetland was rich in diversity, which are the Rice Cultivation Culture, high-balustrade dwelling,Nuo Culture, Ship Culture, Dragon Boat Culture, Chu Culture, Ancient Architecture Landscape, Wetland Foodstuff andCuisine Culture, Civil Art, Historic Heritage and Cultural Relics, Revolutionary Sites and Ruins, and Production andLiving Culture, etc. We also evaluated the eeo-tourism value of wetland landscape culture, and analyzed its features and orientation. The results revealed that the south Dongting Lake wetland plays a key role on the Changjiang(Yangtze) Riverreaches civilization and Chinese civilization, even has great influence on the global civilization. We summarized that the soul of the south Dongting Lake Culture was Wetland Culture, Water Culture, Rice Cultivation and Chu Culture. The thoughts, principles and approaches of sustainable exploitation and utilization of the wetland landscape culture were formulated and suggested.
Dongting Lake is internationally an important wetland. We studied and summarized the conception, function, classification and current situation of the wetland-landscape culture in this region. The results showed that the culture of Dongting Lake wetland was rich in diversity, which are the Rice Cultivation Culture, high-balustrade dwelling,Nuo Culture, Ship Culture, Dragon Boat Culture, Chu Culture, Ancient Architecture Landscape, Wetland Foodstuff andCuisine Culture, Civil Art, Historic Heritage and Cultural Relics, Revolutionary Sites and Ruins, and Production andLiving Culture, etc. We also evaluated the eeo-tourism value of wetland landscape culture, and analyzed its features and orientation. The results revealed that the south Dongting Lake wetland plays a key role on the Changjiang(Yangtze) Riverreaches civilization and Chinese civilization, even has great influence on the global civilization. We summarized that the soul of the south Dongting Lake Culture was Wetland Culture, Water Culture, Rice Cultivation and Chu Culture. The thoughts, principles and approaches of sustainable exploitation and utilization of the wetland landscape culture were formulated and suggested.
2002, 12(3): 262-267.
摘要:
The study centers on the necessity, the workflow and the synthetically integrated methods (Principal Component Analysis(PCA), AndyticalHierarchyProcess(AHP) andFuzzy ComprerhensiveEvaluation(FCE)) of strategic environment assessment (SEA) on land-use planning. The whole article includes three main parts: firstly, some attribute database, graphic-base and the spatial transform matrix, which reflect the change of regional land-use pattern, can be obtained by GIS technique; secondly, adopting fitting method of trend-surface analysis will convert environment monitoring data from scattered spots to regular control spots, based on which we can perform regional environment impact assessment; finally, Changchun Economic and Technological Developmen Zone is chosen as a case study on land-use planning.Through those efforts the results may be obtained as follows: 1) according to transform matrix, the possibility of transformation from one land-use to another can be obtained after the planning is carried out; 2) environment quality would change as a result of the change of land-nsc pattern; 3) the SEA on land-use plan is an effective tool to make land-use pattern more reasonable.
The study centers on the necessity, the workflow and the synthetically integrated methods (Principal Component Analysis(PCA), AndyticalHierarchyProcess(AHP) andFuzzy ComprerhensiveEvaluation(FCE)) of strategic environment assessment (SEA) on land-use planning. The whole article includes three main parts: firstly, some attribute database, graphic-base and the spatial transform matrix, which reflect the change of regional land-use pattern, can be obtained by GIS technique; secondly, adopting fitting method of trend-surface analysis will convert environment monitoring data from scattered spots to regular control spots, based on which we can perform regional environment impact assessment; finally, Changchun Economic and Technological Developmen Zone is chosen as a case study on land-use planning.Through those efforts the results may be obtained as follows: 1) according to transform matrix, the possibility of transformation from one land-use to another can be obtained after the planning is carried out; 2) environment quality would change as a result of the change of land-nsc pattern; 3) the SEA on land-use plan is an effective tool to make land-use pattern more reasonable.
2002, 12(3): 268-272.
摘要:
Grid method is employed for sampling covering soil at the test field, which is reclamation area filled by coal mining wastes for cropland in the Fushun coal mine, Liaoning Province, the Northeast China. The soil samples are taken at different locations, including three kinds of covering soil, three different depths of soil layers and four different covering ages of covering soil. The spatial-temporal variation of heavy metal element content in reclamation soil is studied. The results indicate that the content of heavy metal elements is decreasing year after year; the determinant reason why the content of heavy metal elements at 60cm depth layer is higher than that at 30cm depth layer and surface is fertilizer and manure apphcation; the metal elements mainly come from external environment; there is no metal pollution coming from mother material (coal mining wastes) in plough layer of covering soil.
Grid method is employed for sampling covering soil at the test field, which is reclamation area filled by coal mining wastes for cropland in the Fushun coal mine, Liaoning Province, the Northeast China. The soil samples are taken at different locations, including three kinds of covering soil, three different depths of soil layers and four different covering ages of covering soil. The spatial-temporal variation of heavy metal element content in reclamation soil is studied. The results indicate that the content of heavy metal elements is decreasing year after year; the determinant reason why the content of heavy metal elements at 60cm depth layer is higher than that at 30cm depth layer and surface is fertilizer and manure apphcation; the metal elements mainly come from external environment; there is no metal pollution coming from mother material (coal mining wastes) in plough layer of covering soil.
2002, 12(3): 273-281.
摘要:
The trans-boundary scope of the Tumen River Basin (TRB) going through China, Russia and DPRK hasbeen defined, and on the basis of this, status of urbanization and its impacts on water environment in recent 20 years inTRB have been analyzed. Urbanization in TRB can be characterized as: 1) There is medium level of overall urbanizationin TRB. Certain distance still exists compared with developed countries. And it is lower than the average urbanizationlevel of Russia and higher than that of China. 2) There is unbalanced distribution of urbanization development in TRB.Urbanization in China part owns the character of low starting point and high-speed development. In Russia part, character of urbanization can be described as high starting point and stable development. In DPRK part, urbanization level islow, and motive power lacks. 3) Due to large population, in China part there is broader region urbanized, larger radiusand higher frequency of human activities, which lead to heavier pressure on environment. Meanwhile, the paper has pointed that impacts of urbanization on water environment are as follows: 1) Urban population growth and industry developmerit increase the demand for freshwater, and also exacerbate the contradiction between limited water supply and increasing freshwater demand. 2) Urban infrastructure doesn't match with urban productive function especially treatment facilities, which results in the pollution of the Tumen River. 3) The pollution situation in the Tumen River got peak point in15, and presently, such situation has been improved in great scale, due to effective interventions adopted. However,there still exist 2 enterprises that are urgent to be harnessed. Moreover, pollution of municipal sewage will become moreand more apparent. 4) The influence of urbanization on soil is mainly caused by industrial effluent and slag, and polluted water irrigation. Soil and water loss has also been a serious problem caused by urbanization. 5) Urbanization resultsin the decrease of wetlands area. Furthermore, the paper has given a brief accouut of the perspective and recommendations on urbanization and environmental impacts.
The trans-boundary scope of the Tumen River Basin (TRB) going through China, Russia and DPRK hasbeen defined, and on the basis of this, status of urbanization and its impacts on water environment in recent 20 years inTRB have been analyzed. Urbanization in TRB can be characterized as: 1) There is medium level of overall urbanizationin TRB. Certain distance still exists compared with developed countries. And it is lower than the average urbanizationlevel of Russia and higher than that of China. 2) There is unbalanced distribution of urbanization development in TRB.Urbanization in China part owns the character of low starting point and high-speed development. In Russia part, character of urbanization can be described as high starting point and stable development. In DPRK part, urbanization level islow, and motive power lacks. 3) Due to large population, in China part there is broader region urbanized, larger radiusand higher frequency of human activities, which lead to heavier pressure on environment. Meanwhile, the paper has pointed that impacts of urbanization on water environment are as follows: 1) Urban population growth and industry developmerit increase the demand for freshwater, and also exacerbate the contradiction between limited water supply and increasing freshwater demand. 2) Urban infrastructure doesn't match with urban productive function especially treatment facilities, which results in the pollution of the Tumen River. 3) The pollution situation in the Tumen River got peak point in15, and presently, such situation has been improved in great scale, due to effective interventions adopted. However,there still exist 2 enterprises that are urgent to be harnessed. Moreover, pollution of municipal sewage will become moreand more apparent. 4) The influence of urbanization on soil is mainly caused by industrial effluent and slag, and polluted water irrigation. Soil and water loss has also been a serious problem caused by urbanization. 5) Urbanization resultsin the decrease of wetlands area. Furthermore, the paper has given a brief accouut of the perspective and recommendations on urbanization and environmental impacts.
2002, 12(3): 282-287.
摘要:
As the economic, political and cultural center of a nation or a region, cities are the caniers of human activities. In a sense, only cities take the path of the coordinated sustainable development, it is possible for a country or a region, even the whole world, to develop coordinately and sustainbly. Today, how to describe the urban sustainable developing level and measure the coordinated degree of environment, economy and society, has attracted more and more attentions of urban managers and researchers. City is assumed to be a big system composed by 3 subsystems of environment,economy and society, a set of indicators for urban coordinated sustainable development of Taiyuan have been designed according to the thought of coordinated sustainable development and the reality of Taiyuan development. In this indicator setthere are three levels, which can be called as target level, indicator level and statistic indicator level. Among them, target level includes three high-generalized grade-1 indicators, representing the development standard of economy, societyand environment subsystems. In this paper, according to the ideas of system theory and QIAN Xue-sen's theory ofmeta-synthesis methodology from qualitative analysis to quantitative analysis, the level, the sustainable degree and the coordinated degree of urban development were set up, which described the urban coordinated sustainable development scientifically and quantitatively. The above indicator system and the method of quantitative description were applied to Taiyuan.Through calculating, we have got the economic developing level, social developing level, environmental quality situationand the overall developing level, of Taiyuan from 198 to 1995. Also, we worked out the sustainability oftbe whole development, the respective coordinatabilities of the subsystems of economy and society, society and environment, and environment and economy, and the coordinatability of the overall development of Taiyuan in the same period of time. The coordinated sustainable development situation was quantitatively described, and the low development level was comprehensivelyanalyzed, and suggestions were raised for its future coordinated sustainable development.
As the economic, political and cultural center of a nation or a region, cities are the caniers of human activities. In a sense, only cities take the path of the coordinated sustainable development, it is possible for a country or a region, even the whole world, to develop coordinately and sustainbly. Today, how to describe the urban sustainable developing level and measure the coordinated degree of environment, economy and society, has attracted more and more attentions of urban managers and researchers. City is assumed to be a big system composed by 3 subsystems of environment,economy and society, a set of indicators for urban coordinated sustainable development of Taiyuan have been designed according to the thought of coordinated sustainable development and the reality of Taiyuan development. In this indicator setthere are three levels, which can be called as target level, indicator level and statistic indicator level. Among them, target level includes three high-generalized grade-1 indicators, representing the development standard of economy, societyand environment subsystems. In this paper, according to the ideas of system theory and QIAN Xue-sen's theory ofmeta-synthesis methodology from qualitative analysis to quantitative analysis, the level, the sustainable degree and the coordinated degree of urban development were set up, which described the urban coordinated sustainable development scientifically and quantitatively. The above indicator system and the method of quantitative description were applied to Taiyuan.Through calculating, we have got the economic developing level, social developing level, environmental quality situationand the overall developing level, of Taiyuan from 198 to 1995. Also, we worked out the sustainability oftbe whole development, the respective coordinatabilities of the subsystems of economy and society, society and environment, and environment and economy, and the coordinatability of the overall development of Taiyuan in the same period of time. The coordinated sustainable development situation was quantitatively described, and the low development level was comprehensivelyanalyzed, and suggestions were raised for its future coordinated sustainable development.
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