2001年 第11卷 第3期
2001, 11(3): 193-200.
摘要:
China is a country with a long history of agricultural development, the tradition of bureaucratic administration and economic management systems for the social development. In its transition from traditional society to modern society during the past 50 years, the relations between rural areas and urban areas have been kept abnormal if considered from the point of view of the modernized countries. Today, China still has its more than 70 percent of population, but limited capital, lower technology and underdeveloped culture, in the rural areas. This unbalance forms not only the obstacles to opment. This paper focuses on the discussion about the coordinate development of the relations between rural and urban in the past 50 years, and the authors hold that only has the abnormal relation between the two areas been corrected, could China's future development of national economy be successful.
China is a country with a long history of agricultural development, the tradition of bureaucratic administration and economic management systems for the social development. In its transition from traditional society to modern society during the past 50 years, the relations between rural areas and urban areas have been kept abnormal if considered from the point of view of the modernized countries. Today, China still has its more than 70 percent of population, but limited capital, lower technology and underdeveloped culture, in the rural areas. This unbalance forms not only the obstacles to opment. This paper focuses on the discussion about the coordinate development of the relations between rural and urban in the past 50 years, and the authors hold that only has the abnormal relation between the two areas been corrected, could China's future development of national economy be successful.
2001, 11(3): 201-210.
摘要:
Classifying the types and measuring sustainable development are important contents of theoretical studies on sustainable development. Scientifically reflecting the characteristics of sustainable development and favorably classifying the types of sustainable development are the basis and objective of measuring sustainable development. By using the methods of coordinatively analyzing man-land relationship and economic analysis, especially by combining with constant elasticity of substitution (CES) production function, this paper advances average sustainable gross domestic production (ASGDP), inquires into the mutually coordinative and interdependent relationship between humane capital and natural capital in the process of sustainable development. It also sets up an index system of measuring sustainable development andatypesystemofsustainabledevelopment. then accordingto this index system, if firstly classifies the sustainable development, moderate sustainable development, and strong sustainable development, and it also discuss them theoretical significance. Secondly, it probes into the minimum cost, structure optimization and sustainable development. At last, it discuss the type classification of sustainable development on development sequence, and points out theoretically the amount of transitions among 8 basic regional sustainable development types is 56. in the process of productive expansion this transition type embodies the input increase of humane capital is greatly larger than that of natural capital. On the contrary, economized humane capital transition is a result of progressively decreasing marginal rate of technical substitution of humane capital to natural capital.
Classifying the types and measuring sustainable development are important contents of theoretical studies on sustainable development. Scientifically reflecting the characteristics of sustainable development and favorably classifying the types of sustainable development are the basis and objective of measuring sustainable development. By using the methods of coordinatively analyzing man-land relationship and economic analysis, especially by combining with constant elasticity of substitution (CES) production function, this paper advances average sustainable gross domestic production (ASGDP), inquires into the mutually coordinative and interdependent relationship between humane capital and natural capital in the process of sustainable development. It also sets up an index system of measuring sustainable development andatypesystemofsustainabledevelopment. then accordingto this index system, if firstly classifies the sustainable development, moderate sustainable development, and strong sustainable development, and it also discuss them theoretical significance. Secondly, it probes into the minimum cost, structure optimization and sustainable development. At last, it discuss the type classification of sustainable development on development sequence, and points out theoretically the amount of transitions among 8 basic regional sustainable development types is 56. in the process of productive expansion this transition type embodies the input increase of humane capital is greatly larger than that of natural capital. On the contrary, economized humane capital transition is a result of progressively decreasing marginal rate of technical substitution of humane capital to natural capital.
2001, 11(3): 211-222.
摘要:
The Pearl River (Zhujiang) Delta (PRD) has been a focal point in reform era academic circles not only for its dramatic industrial growth but also the simultaneous agricultural development. Unlike most of existing research on the PRD economic development and transformation from the whole region level, this paper explored this question from the perspective of a township using Beijiao in Shunde City as a case study. Unlike the conclusions of existing studies which attribute the regional economic transition to the macro factors, particularly the influence of external investment, this research reveals that at the level of township, the local government, the town-village owned enterprises and the individuals have been playing remarkable roles in local economic transformation. In the early stage since the economic reform, Beijiao township government, replacing the central and provincial governments before, began to manipulate the development of town-village owned enterprises and lead the local economic transformation from agricultural to industrial dominated. As the town-village owned enterprises grew during the later years, they gradually acted as the main dominant player leading the local agricultural and industrial growth. At the same time the individuals in Beijiao were playing more independent role to gain their most profits. While the local government changed to be the real manager of local economies. So the local economic transition was not entirely externally driven. In another word, the "driven from outside" model can not totally explain the economic fact in this specific region.
The Pearl River (Zhujiang) Delta (PRD) has been a focal point in reform era academic circles not only for its dramatic industrial growth but also the simultaneous agricultural development. Unlike most of existing research on the PRD economic development and transformation from the whole region level, this paper explored this question from the perspective of a township using Beijiao in Shunde City as a case study. Unlike the conclusions of existing studies which attribute the regional economic transition to the macro factors, particularly the influence of external investment, this research reveals that at the level of township, the local government, the town-village owned enterprises and the individuals have been playing remarkable roles in local economic transformation. In the early stage since the economic reform, Beijiao township government, replacing the central and provincial governments before, began to manipulate the development of town-village owned enterprises and lead the local economic transformation from agricultural to industrial dominated. As the town-village owned enterprises grew during the later years, they gradually acted as the main dominant player leading the local agricultural and industrial growth. At the same time the individuals in Beijiao were playing more independent role to gain their most profits. While the local government changed to be the real manager of local economies. So the local economic transition was not entirely externally driven. In another word, the "driven from outside" model can not totally explain the economic fact in this specific region.
2001, 11(3): 223-232.
摘要:
This paper explores the role of geographical expansion of railroads, one of the most important Fransportation vehicles, in the history of American west development, analyses its implication on the unprecedentedmigration movement and the resulted urbanization in the west and concludes with the fact that the appropriate interference by the governmnet, especially in the early period, is vital to regional development practice, because of market failure at the initial stage, infrastructure construction conducted by the government always plays as the first impetus to any regional development process. Only through this bridge, can some physical factors, such as population, be attracted to feed the backward area. As a result, cities grow fast and the region develops well. The experience can be shared by all countries. Besides reviewing the history of west development in America, focusing on the relationship between railroadsexpansion and urban growth, which was realized through population migration. A comparison on the particular pattern of regional development between U. S and China is made as well at the end. It is noted that despite of the common first impetus, government subsidies and the common final result, urbanization, the path for the America is bottom-up, whereas that for China is topdown, that is to say, development should originate from big cities, then to towns, and finally radiate into rural areas.
This paper explores the role of geographical expansion of railroads, one of the most important Fransportation vehicles, in the history of American west development, analyses its implication on the unprecedentedmigration movement and the resulted urbanization in the west and concludes with the fact that the appropriate interference by the governmnet, especially in the early period, is vital to regional development practice, because of market failure at the initial stage, infrastructure construction conducted by the government always plays as the first impetus to any regional development process. Only through this bridge, can some physical factors, such as population, be attracted to feed the backward area. As a result, cities grow fast and the region develops well. The experience can be shared by all countries. Besides reviewing the history of west development in America, focusing on the relationship between railroadsexpansion and urban growth, which was realized through population migration. A comparison on the particular pattern of regional development between U. S and China is made as well at the end. It is noted that despite of the common first impetus, government subsidies and the common final result, urbanization, the path for the America is bottom-up, whereas that for China is topdown, that is to say, development should originate from big cities, then to towns, and finally radiate into rural areas.
2001, 11(3): 233-240.
摘要:
Economic globalization and knowledge economy provide new opportunity for development of Suzhou, a historical city which has traditional intimate relationship with Shanghai. This paper aims at exploring the chances and challenges faced by Suzhou at the new century and makes the quantitative analysis of the urban function of the Suzhou Municipality through the studies of the Greater Shanghai Metropolitan Area and the Shanghai-Suzhou relationship. It reaches the conclusion that in the new century Suzhou shall make the integrated development with Shanghai to be built into the processing and manufacturing base with the high and new technology as the mainstay. In the meantime Suzhou shall also become one of the research bases for the advanced technology and the modern tourist city with beautiful eco-environment.
Economic globalization and knowledge economy provide new opportunity for development of Suzhou, a historical city which has traditional intimate relationship with Shanghai. This paper aims at exploring the chances and challenges faced by Suzhou at the new century and makes the quantitative analysis of the urban function of the Suzhou Municipality through the studies of the Greater Shanghai Metropolitan Area and the Shanghai-Suzhou relationship. It reaches the conclusion that in the new century Suzhou shall make the integrated development with Shanghai to be built into the processing and manufacturing base with the high and new technology as the mainstay. In the meantime Suzhou shall also become one of the research bases for the advanced technology and the modern tourist city with beautiful eco-environment.
2001, 11(3): 241-245.
摘要:
Wetlands are ecosystems with many functions. But the general public and government lack a comprehensive understanding of the importance of wetland benefits, thus making blindly exploitation, wetland resources decreasing and losing biodiversity. So wetlands in China, as in most countries, have suffered heavily from the pressure of development and have confronted with the threats of loss. The paper takes Sanjiang Plain marshes, lakes in the middle reaches of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River, coastal wetlands and mangroves as cases to study wetland loss in China, and puts forward main existing reasons of wetland loss, such as blindly reclamation and exploitation of wetland resources,over-exploitation of bio-resources in wetland, etc. More recently, there has been a growing recognition of the benefits of wetlands and a wide range of legal and regulatory initiatives have been undertaken which are designed to improve wetland management and conservation. On the basis of the above analysis, the paper brings forward some suggestions on wetland conservation.
Wetlands are ecosystems with many functions. But the general public and government lack a comprehensive understanding of the importance of wetland benefits, thus making blindly exploitation, wetland resources decreasing and losing biodiversity. So wetlands in China, as in most countries, have suffered heavily from the pressure of development and have confronted with the threats of loss. The paper takes Sanjiang Plain marshes, lakes in the middle reaches of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River, coastal wetlands and mangroves as cases to study wetland loss in China, and puts forward main existing reasons of wetland loss, such as blindly reclamation and exploitation of wetland resources,over-exploitation of bio-resources in wetland, etc. More recently, there has been a growing recognition of the benefits of wetlands and a wide range of legal and regulatory initiatives have been undertaken which are designed to improve wetland management and conservation. On the basis of the above analysis, the paper brings forward some suggestions on wetland conservation.
2001, 11(3): 246-251.
摘要:
Xingcuo lake, a closed one, is situated in eastern Tibetan Plateau. There are abundant snail shells Gyraulus sibirica in its sediments. Here we display the determining results of δ13C, δ18O in shell Gyraulus sibirica continuously preserved in Xincuo Lake sediments in the recent 50 years. And by coupling the indexes of δ13C, δ18O and instrumental meteorological data in its basin to build relative function relations among them, we probe quantitatively climatic signals recorded in those indexes. The results show that there are remarkable relations between δ13C proxy and precipitation,δ18O proxy and air temperature, of which correlative coefficient was 0.89 and 71, respectively. Besides, we also demonstrated that average variation between δ13C proxy and precipitation (dδ13C/dP) was 0.027‰/mm and 1.4‰/℃ for δ18O and air temperature (dδ18O/dT).
Xingcuo lake, a closed one, is situated in eastern Tibetan Plateau. There are abundant snail shells Gyraulus sibirica in its sediments. Here we display the determining results of δ13C, δ18O in shell Gyraulus sibirica continuously preserved in Xincuo Lake sediments in the recent 50 years. And by coupling the indexes of δ13C, δ18O and instrumental meteorological data in its basin to build relative function relations among them, we probe quantitatively climatic signals recorded in those indexes. The results show that there are remarkable relations between δ13C proxy and precipitation,δ18O proxy and air temperature, of which correlative coefficient was 0.89 and 71, respectively. Besides, we also demonstrated that average variation between δ13C proxy and precipitation (dδ13C/dP) was 0.027‰/mm and 1.4‰/℃ for δ18O and air temperature (dδ18O/dT).
2001, 11(3): 252-258.
摘要:
The fragile eco-environment is a special type of ecosystem, its response to the change of environmental conditions is very susceptive. So it is rather prone to be disturbed under unfavorable conditions. Human activity has greatly changed the geo-chemical process in the ecosystem, thus caused a series of positive and negative effects. In the ecosystem, especially in the fragile eco-environment, different systems and regimes are interconnected and interdetermined.For the suntainable development of ecosystem and the protection and rational utilization of resources, it is of great importance to study these internal relationships and seek rational regulation and control measure. This paper takes the fragile eco-environment in the west of the Songnen Plain as an example. Based on the study of the topograph, physiognomy,soil, vegetation and their geographic distribution in the landscape, the paper explains thestructure of the ecologic landscape and quantifies the ecologic geo-chemical processes under different landscape conditions. In addition, the paper also tries making coupling analyses of the ecologic succession and the landscape geochemical environment. And in the paper, some research results are given.
The fragile eco-environment is a special type of ecosystem, its response to the change of environmental conditions is very susceptive. So it is rather prone to be disturbed under unfavorable conditions. Human activity has greatly changed the geo-chemical process in the ecosystem, thus caused a series of positive and negative effects. In the ecosystem, especially in the fragile eco-environment, different systems and regimes are interconnected and interdetermined.For the suntainable development of ecosystem and the protection and rational utilization of resources, it is of great importance to study these internal relationships and seek rational regulation and control measure. This paper takes the fragile eco-environment in the west of the Songnen Plain as an example. Based on the study of the topograph, physiognomy,soil, vegetation and their geographic distribution in the landscape, the paper explains thestructure of the ecologic landscape and quantifies the ecologic geo-chemical processes under different landscape conditions. In addition, the paper also tries making coupling analyses of the ecologic succession and the landscape geochemical environment. And in the paper, some research results are given.
2001, 11(3): 259-263.
摘要:
The Jianghap plain is one of the important bases of China＇s agricultural productivity, located in central and southern Hubei province in the middle reach of Yangtze River. The Jianghan Plain is the one region of flood and waterlogging occurring frequently. The area is low-lying and is characterized by deep alluvial deposits, many smaller rivers and numerous larger and shallow lakesformed by meandering of the Changjiang(Yangtze) River. The alluvial plain is a honeycomb of waterways bordered by natural levees, and the depressional areas encompassed by these waterways are dish-shaped in cross-section. The systems of rivers and lakes are main wetland types in this area. Owing to wetlands in Jianghan plain-lake district fulfill the function related to the flood regulation, the estimating of the storage capacity is useful tocontrolling and reducing the disasters of flooding and waterlogging. In this paper, by selecting typical experimental area, based on its DEM, the relation among the water level, area and volume of inundation in the typical region is defined by using regression analysis. Based on the agricultural cultivating line in this region and the experiment result of bearing the inundation for crop, we define the storage capacity of the typical region in Jianghan Plain - Lake district.
The Jianghap plain is one of the important bases of China＇s agricultural productivity, located in central and southern Hubei province in the middle reach of Yangtze River. The Jianghan Plain is the one region of flood and waterlogging occurring frequently. The area is low-lying and is characterized by deep alluvial deposits, many smaller rivers and numerous larger and shallow lakesformed by meandering of the Changjiang(Yangtze) River. The alluvial plain is a honeycomb of waterways bordered by natural levees, and the depressional areas encompassed by these waterways are dish-shaped in cross-section. The systems of rivers and lakes are main wetland types in this area. Owing to wetlands in Jianghan plain-lake district fulfill the function related to the flood regulation, the estimating of the storage capacity is useful tocontrolling and reducing the disasters of flooding and waterlogging. In this paper, by selecting typical experimental area, based on its DEM, the relation among the water level, area and volume of inundation in the typical region is defined by using regression analysis. Based on the agricultural cultivating line in this region and the experiment result of bearing the inundation for crop, we define the storage capacity of the typical region in Jianghan Plain - Lake district.
2001, 11(3): 264-269.
摘要:
During the period of May to October in 1999, systematical studies were given to the rate of decomposition of Calamagrostis angustifolia litter, the phosphorus content and weight in decomposed residua of litter, and phosphorus content in the corresponding soil in the Sanjiang Plain. At the same time, the simulation models were listed in the paper.The results showed that the rate of weight lost of decomposition of Calamagrostis angustifolia litter is 29.80% and the maximum of daily rate of weight lost is 0.25%, which appeared in July. The change trend of phosphorus content and weight in the decomposed residua of litter is to reduce with the decomposing process, when it comes to the day of 157,the decrement amount of the both were respectively 57.9mg/kg and 1. 199mg, which were 72.80% and 7.30% of its previous amount. In addition, there is a polynomial minus correlationship of phosphorus content between the variation in corresponding soil and the decomposed residua of litter at the corresponding period. The study will be helpful to further understand the process and mechanism of biochemical cycling of nutrient elements in wetland ecosystems, in addition, it will also be helpful to the restoration and rebuilding of retrogressive wetlands and reasonable development and utilization of wetlands in the Sanjiang Plain.
During the period of May to October in 1999, systematical studies were given to the rate of decomposition of Calamagrostis angustifolia litter, the phosphorus content and weight in decomposed residua of litter, and phosphorus content in the corresponding soil in the Sanjiang Plain. At the same time, the simulation models were listed in the paper.The results showed that the rate of weight lost of decomposition of Calamagrostis angustifolia litter is 29.80% and the maximum of daily rate of weight lost is 0.25%, which appeared in July. The change trend of phosphorus content and weight in the decomposed residua of litter is to reduce with the decomposing process, when it comes to the day of 157,the decrement amount of the both were respectively 57.9mg/kg and 1. 199mg, which were 72.80% and 7.30% of its previous amount. In addition, there is a polynomial minus correlationship of phosphorus content between the variation in corresponding soil and the decomposed residua of litter at the corresponding period. The study will be helpful to further understand the process and mechanism of biochemical cycling of nutrient elements in wetland ecosystems, in addition, it will also be helpful to the restoration and rebuilding of retrogressive wetlands and reasonable development and utilization of wetlands in the Sanjiang Plain.
2001, 11(3): 270-277.
摘要:
Geothermal anomaly as a physical phenomenon of an active and latent volcanic area would be well recognized, and abrupt geothermal anomaly should also be understood. However, in practical work, thermal infrared remote sensing techniques are frequently used to monitor geothermal flows of the earth. But then, except for this type of thermal source in the surface thermal field, there still exist a lot of noises in the area where the abrupt geothermal anomaly is generated. By Analyzing the reason, we find that it is brought about by the non-boundless projectioncharacteristics of objects.These noises may be divided into two classes: system noises and random noises. If disturbednoises have comparative stable time sequence law and space sequence law, the noises are called system noises. And because system noises have a certain law, it is easy toremove the noises. On the contrary, if disturbed noises have not law oftime sequence and space sequence, the noises are called random noises. The random noises have the character of non-linearity, uncertainty and indeterminism. For this case, this paper discusses the disturbed mechanism of these noises as well as how to remove them.
Geothermal anomaly as a physical phenomenon of an active and latent volcanic area would be well recognized, and abrupt geothermal anomaly should also be understood. However, in practical work, thermal infrared remote sensing techniques are frequently used to monitor geothermal flows of the earth. But then, except for this type of thermal source in the surface thermal field, there still exist a lot of noises in the area where the abrupt geothermal anomaly is generated. By Analyzing the reason, we find that it is brought about by the non-boundless projectioncharacteristics of objects.These noises may be divided into two classes: system noises and random noises. If disturbednoises have comparative stable time sequence law and space sequence law, the noises are called system noises. And because system noises have a certain law, it is easy toremove the noises. On the contrary, if disturbed noises have not law oftime sequence and space sequence, the noises are called random noises. The random noises have the character of non-linearity, uncertainty and indeterminism. For this case, this paper discusses the disturbed mechanism of these noises as well as how to remove them.
2001, 11(3): 278-282.
摘要:
With the rapid development and application of new techniques, cartography has enteredthe 21st centumono-medium, static into 3-D, multi-media, dynamic and network (including intemet), and gradually is developing towards 4-D (time, space). There appeared digital map, electronic map, soft map, hard map, interactive map, mingle map etc. Agricultural map needs to include much more contents in 3-D, multi-media than other types of map. Only electronic map can represent completely these contents. Compiling agricultural electronic atlas at county-level aims to reflect scientifiAgricultural electronic atlas at county-level should take "sustainable development" as the theme; systematically reflect the natural resources and natural environment in a county; the spatial and temporal distribution and changing law of agricultural resources (including climate, soil and water). In the paper the authors introduce the concrete contents of agricultural electronic atlas, their compilation process, and corresponding software and hardware as well as an example. In agricultural electronic atlas design the most advanced multi-media techniques must be used. The procedure of agricultural electronic atlas includesthe study on compilation aim, content selection analysis, overall framework and data organization, determining compilation program. Agriculture includes many contents; each county has its own emphasis. In designing we set upa county's theme according to its concrete situation, the atlas contents are selected around the theme. For example, the main problems faced by the agriculture of Da'an City in Jilin Province is land desertification, so land desertification and its control are the theme of agricultural electronic atlas of Da'an City. When we compile other county's agricultural electronic atlas, only changing theme contents, can we get another county's agricultural electronic atlas.
With the rapid development and application of new techniques, cartography has enteredthe 21st centumono-medium, static into 3-D, multi-media, dynamic and network (including intemet), and gradually is developing towards 4-D (time, space). There appeared digital map, electronic map, soft map, hard map, interactive map, mingle map etc. Agricultural map needs to include much more contents in 3-D, multi-media than other types of map. Only electronic map can represent completely these contents. Compiling agricultural electronic atlas at county-level aims to reflect scientifiAgricultural electronic atlas at county-level should take "sustainable development" as the theme; systematically reflect the natural resources and natural environment in a county; the spatial and temporal distribution and changing law of agricultural resources (including climate, soil and water). In the paper the authors introduce the concrete contents of agricultural electronic atlas, their compilation process, and corresponding software and hardware as well as an example. In agricultural electronic atlas design the most advanced multi-media techniques must be used. The procedure of agricultural electronic atlas includesthe study on compilation aim, content selection analysis, overall framework and data organization, determining compilation program. Agriculture includes many contents; each county has its own emphasis. In designing we set upa county's theme according to its concrete situation, the atlas contents are selected around the theme. For example, the main problems faced by the agriculture of Da'an City in Jilin Province is land desertification, so land desertification and its control are the theme of agricultural electronic atlas of Da'an City. When we compile other county's agricultural electronic atlas, only changing theme contents, can we get another county's agricultural electronic atlas.
2001, 11(3): 283-288.
摘要:
Forest litter is the physical makeup part of forest ecosystem. The rate of decomposition of forest litter is low in temperate and cool temperate zones. There is important significance to search and utilize the function of soil animals, in order to probe the material circulation and energy flow in forest ecosystem. We selected three kinds of mesh bag with different mesh size, in which, large pore mesh bag is large enough to permit the activities of all kinds of soil animals, medium mesh bag is designed to exclude the function of soil macrofauna, while small mesh bag is small enough to exclude the effects of any kind of soil animals as far as possible. The decomposition time is three years. The studying results show that: the decomposing speed of the bags with big meshes, under functions of all kinds of soil animals, faster than the bags with medium meshes, under functions of medium and small soil animals, as well as the bags with small meshes that excluding all possibility of functions of soil animals; in the process of decomposition of litter, relationship of the litter lost weight with number of soil animals is not obvious clearly; the degree of functions of soil animals to soft litter higher than hard litter; according to the analysis of diversity index, no regular changes will happen to the diversity of soil animals as the time of decomposing samples lengthen.
Forest litter is the physical makeup part of forest ecosystem. The rate of decomposition of forest litter is low in temperate and cool temperate zones. There is important significance to search and utilize the function of soil animals, in order to probe the material circulation and energy flow in forest ecosystem. We selected three kinds of mesh bag with different mesh size, in which, large pore mesh bag is large enough to permit the activities of all kinds of soil animals, medium mesh bag is designed to exclude the function of soil macrofauna, while small mesh bag is small enough to exclude the effects of any kind of soil animals as far as possible. The decomposition time is three years. The studying results show that: the decomposing speed of the bags with big meshes, under functions of all kinds of soil animals, faster than the bags with medium meshes, under functions of medium and small soil animals, as well as the bags with small meshes that excluding all possibility of functions of soil animals; in the process of decomposition of litter, relationship of the litter lost weight with number of soil animals is not obvious clearly; the degree of functions of soil animals to soft litter higher than hard litter; according to the analysis of diversity index, no regular changes will happen to the diversity of soil animals as the time of decomposing samples lengthen.
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