2000年 第10卷 第2期
2000, 10(2): 97-104.
摘要:
Developing the Changjiang(Yangtze) River and building a developed economic zone along the bank area of the Chanajiang River is a great strategic decision of the national macroeconomic development distribution.This decision has both given an impetus to fast development of the regional economy and exacerbated the contradiction among economy and resources and environment.In this paper, some major problems ekisting in economic sustainable development, such as scattered industrial structure, duplicated construction of the great projects, enlarging the development gap of the regional economy and deteriorated environment etc., have been studied.The results show that scattered structure and duplicated distribution of some key industries and projects, especially automobile, electronics and petrochemical industry and communication, power installations, is one of the reasons for low industrial economic benefit; the great development gap among upper, middle and lower reaches areas are enlarging since the 1990's; soil erosion, nood disaster and environmental pollution are still exacerliating due to unreasonable over-development.Based on the above analysis, this paper brings out some countermeasures and proposals for increasing the ability of regional sustainable development, including transregional reorganization of industrial structure linking by assets and speeding the process of regional economy integration; gradually controlling and reducing the development gap arnong upper, middle and lower reaches areas through regional cooperation on a mutually beneficial basis; as well as strengthening ecological construction and environmental protection and increasing environmental bearing capacity etc.
Developing the Changjiang(Yangtze) River and building a developed economic zone along the bank area of the Chanajiang River is a great strategic decision of the national macroeconomic development distribution.This decision has both given an impetus to fast development of the regional economy and exacerbated the contradiction among economy and resources and environment.In this paper, some major problems ekisting in economic sustainable development, such as scattered industrial structure, duplicated construction of the great projects, enlarging the development gap of the regional economy and deteriorated environment etc., have been studied.The results show that scattered structure and duplicated distribution of some key industries and projects, especially automobile, electronics and petrochemical industry and communication, power installations, is one of the reasons for low industrial economic benefit; the great development gap among upper, middle and lower reaches areas are enlarging since the 1990's; soil erosion, nood disaster and environmental pollution are still exacerliating due to unreasonable over-development.Based on the above analysis, this paper brings out some countermeasures and proposals for increasing the ability of regional sustainable development, including transregional reorganization of industrial structure linking by assets and speeding the process of regional economy integration; gradually controlling and reducing the development gap arnong upper, middle and lower reaches areas through regional cooperation on a mutually beneficial basis; as well as strengthening ecological construction and environmental protection and increasing environmental bearing capacity etc.
2000, 10(2): 105-112.
摘要:
With the national economy's transition from a planning one to a market one, the factors affecting regional economic pattern has changed greatly.In this paper we first construct an index system for evaluating competitiveness of Chinese cities based on modern competitive advantage theory.With principal component analysis and cluster analysis methods, we compare the factors affecling cities'integrated competitiveness in 1990 and 1997.We find that four major factors are capital (including investment, FDI and urban financial revenue), urban ithestructure (transporiation and communication, urbanization level, education etc.), industrial performance and structure, degree of market openness and that these factors have become more advanced and complicated since 1990.Most Chinese cities are transforming from productive factors-oriented type to investment-oriented type and a few are becoming innovation oriented.The integrated competitiveness is closely related to cities'scale, urban function, regional policy and degree of market openness and displays an uneven spatial pattern.The difference between the south and the north and the difference between the west and the east co-exist bul the former has been more larger.Finally, we discuss the mechanism behind the pattern and attribute the unevenness to change of factors dominating the cities'compehtiveness regional innovation capacity and geographical differenceof traditional culture.
With the national economy's transition from a planning one to a market one, the factors affecting regional economic pattern has changed greatly.In this paper we first construct an index system for evaluating competitiveness of Chinese cities based on modern competitive advantage theory.With principal component analysis and cluster analysis methods, we compare the factors affecling cities'integrated competitiveness in 1990 and 1997.We find that four major factors are capital (including investment, FDI and urban financial revenue), urban ithestructure (transporiation and communication, urbanization level, education etc.), industrial performance and structure, degree of market openness and that these factors have become more advanced and complicated since 1990.Most Chinese cities are transforming from productive factors-oriented type to investment-oriented type and a few are becoming innovation oriented.The integrated competitiveness is closely related to cities'scale, urban function, regional policy and degree of market openness and displays an uneven spatial pattern.The difference between the south and the north and the difference between the west and the east co-exist bul the former has been more larger.Finally, we discuss the mechanism behind the pattern and attribute the unevenness to change of factors dominating the cities'compehtiveness regional innovation capacity and geographical differenceof traditional culture.
2000, 10(2): 113-118.
摘要:
As a worldwide authoritative, IPCC forecasted in 1990 that the world- s sea level would most probably rise by 0.66 m by the end of the 21 st century.Combined with the local depression caused by the sink of the earth's crust and the human activity, the relative sea level in the Chanaiiang River mouth will rise by about 1.0 m during the same peried.Based on this figure, the article forecasted the impacts of sea-level rise on the safety coefficient of coastal structures and civil facilities, loss of wetlands, flood hazard as well as water intrusion.The results show that: 1) 40% as large as the present engil1eering mass should be added to the coastal structures in order to maintain the safety coefficient; 2) a dynamic loss of 60 km2 of wetlands, as much as 15% of the present total area, would be caused; 3) to hinder the increase inflood hazard dy11amic capacity to drain water must increase by at least 34 times as large as the present; 4) to maintain the present navigation conditions, about 100 million yuan (RMB) is needed to reconstruct over 30(X) bridges and 30 sluices;and 5) the disastrous salt water intrusion caused by the sea-level rise could be encountered by the increase in water discharge from the Three Gorge Reservoir in the dry season.
As a worldwide authoritative, IPCC forecasted in 1990 that the world- s sea level would most probably rise by 0.66 m by the end of the 21 st century.Combined with the local depression caused by the sink of the earth's crust and the human activity, the relative sea level in the Chanaiiang River mouth will rise by about 1.0 m during the same peried.Based on this figure, the article forecasted the impacts of sea-level rise on the safety coefficient of coastal structures and civil facilities, loss of wetlands, flood hazard as well as water intrusion.The results show that: 1) 40% as large as the present engil1eering mass should be added to the coastal structures in order to maintain the safety coefficient; 2) a dynamic loss of 60 km2 of wetlands, as much as 15% of the present total area, would be caused; 3) to hinder the increase inflood hazard dy11amic capacity to drain water must increase by at least 34 times as large as the present; 4) to maintain the present navigation conditions, about 100 million yuan (RMB) is needed to reconstruct over 30(X) bridges and 30 sluices;and 5) the disastrous salt water intrusion caused by the sea-level rise could be encountered by the increase in water discharge from the Three Gorge Reservoir in the dry season.
2000, 10(2): 119-124.
摘要:
By restudying some ideas existing in the current urbanization research field in China, this article truly puts forward the inquisitive opinion with respect to the urbanization progress, urban scale, spatial transfer of urbanization and suburbanization in China, etc.It indicates that the urbanization shall abide by the economic laws, but government should bring the appropriate adjustment and control into play as well; the urbanization shall not be limited to the west ern pattern and simple phenomenal analysis, but to pursue the virtually healthy, orderly and sustainable development of cities is the man aim for urbanization.The main views of this article are as follows: 1) As far as Chinese urbanization is concerned, it is in a different age compared with the west, and it has one special domestic background, so its speed and mode are different from the west and the speed can't be too fast.2) External extending economic evelopment will still last for a Period.And the urbanization development has big spatial requirements.Therefore, intensive development mode of space should be explored.3) The suburbanization in China has special forming mechanism and relevant social problems, which should be treated seriously.
By restudying some ideas existing in the current urbanization research field in China, this article truly puts forward the inquisitive opinion with respect to the urbanization progress, urban scale, spatial transfer of urbanization and suburbanization in China, etc.It indicates that the urbanization shall abide by the economic laws, but government should bring the appropriate adjustment and control into play as well; the urbanization shall not be limited to the west ern pattern and simple phenomenal analysis, but to pursue the virtually healthy, orderly and sustainable development of cities is the man aim for urbanization.The main views of this article are as follows: 1) As far as Chinese urbanization is concerned, it is in a different age compared with the west, and it has one special domestic background, so its speed and mode are different from the west and the speed can't be too fast.2) External extending economic evelopment will still last for a Period.And the urbanization development has big spatial requirements.Therefore, intensive development mode of space should be explored.3) The suburbanization in China has special forming mechanism and relevant social problems, which should be treated seriously.
2000, 10(2): 125-130.
摘要:
Since 1978, within social geographic pattern of Chinese metropolis, differentiation not only has come to be in social entity,.but also by some degree embodied within residential space.Through the 8tudy on spatial segregation, the authors implicate these above spatial differentiation from social polarization to residential segregation cause by change in the political economy, in the organization of urban and real estate development (from project-specific to comprehensive development and real estate development) and in the functions and value of urban planning (from a sectional-subordinated to a municipally based control).The imprints of transition on social space are illustrated eight references to the example of Nanjing metropolis.Among the new phenomenal identified here are the six types of residential area according to soci-economic status.
Since 1978, within social geographic pattern of Chinese metropolis, differentiation not only has come to be in social entity,.but also by some degree embodied within residential space.Through the 8tudy on spatial segregation, the authors implicate these above spatial differentiation from social polarization to residential segregation cause by change in the political economy, in the organization of urban and real estate development (from project-specific to comprehensive development and real estate development) and in the functions and value of urban planning (from a sectional-subordinated to a municipally based control).The imprints of transition on social space are illustrated eight references to the example of Nanjing metropolis.Among the new phenomenal identified here are the six types of residential area according to soci-economic status.
2000, 10(2): 131-137.
摘要:
Since the 1980s, rural-urban transition has been becoming one of the most important aspects in China's fast transformation from traditional to modern modes.From the perspective of change of rural space, this paper examines the impact of rural industrialization on the rural-urban transition.After an introduction to the issue of rural-urban transition in rural-urban continuum, a historical overview of the transformations of China's rural space in economic, social and geographical structure is presented.This is followed by an analysis of regiotal uneven development among provinces in rural industrialization and rural-urban transition.It is concluded that the fast industrialization of rural area has brought on many radical transformations of rural space in China, especially on the formation of new rural economic, social and geographical spaces and the uneven development of rural-urban trgnsition among the eastern, central and westem areas.
Since the 1980s, rural-urban transition has been becoming one of the most important aspects in China's fast transformation from traditional to modern modes.From the perspective of change of rural space, this paper examines the impact of rural industrialization on the rural-urban transition.After an introduction to the issue of rural-urban transition in rural-urban continuum, a historical overview of the transformations of China's rural space in economic, social and geographical structure is presented.This is followed by an analysis of regiotal uneven development among provinces in rural industrialization and rural-urban transition.It is concluded that the fast industrialization of rural area has brought on many radical transformations of rural space in China, especially on the formation of new rural economic, social and geographical spaces and the uneven development of rural-urban trgnsition among the eastern, central and westem areas.
2000, 10(2): 138-143.
摘要:
Different researchers select different factors and use different methods to assess the regional hazard degrees of debris now.consequenily, even for the same region, tb..are often different hazard zonation maps, and there must be some uncertainty in the zonations.Thus the ceriainty analysis of zonation maps becomes obviously important.For debris now hazard, those zonation maps with a certainty analysis could provide most valuable information for land users, hazard managers and policy makers.By comparison of three researchers'findings in Yunnan Province, this paPer shows that seven to nine iafluential factors are chosen for the zonation maps.spatial density of debris flow ravines,regional average rock-weathering coefficient, yearly precipitation, days of≥50 mm daily rainfall, and proportion of sloping land with slope≥25℃ to the total land are the most acceptable factors.Mathemahcal methods of maximum-minimumvalues, upperlower limit values and Fuzzy values are used to quantify the factors.Step-by-step methodoogy is commonly used for the zonation maps.Research results show that mchmum uncedrinty is 66.6% and minimum uncertainty is 35.7% in debris now hazard maps of zhaotong Prefecture and Yunnan Province.Therefore there is still much work for us to improve the zonation methedology.
Different researchers select different factors and use different methods to assess the regional hazard degrees of debris now.consequenily, even for the same region, tb..are often different hazard zonation maps, and there must be some uncertainty in the zonations.Thus the ceriainty analysis of zonation maps becomes obviously important.For debris now hazard, those zonation maps with a certainty analysis could provide most valuable information for land users, hazard managers and policy makers.By comparison of three researchers'findings in Yunnan Province, this paPer shows that seven to nine iafluential factors are chosen for the zonation maps.spatial density of debris flow ravines,regional average rock-weathering coefficient, yearly precipitation, days of≥50 mm daily rainfall, and proportion of sloping land with slope≥25℃ to the total land are the most acceptable factors.Mathemahcal methods of maximum-minimumvalues, upperlower limit values and Fuzzy values are used to quantify the factors.Step-by-step methodoogy is commonly used for the zonation maps.Research results show that mchmum uncedrinty is 66.6% and minimum uncertainty is 35.7% in debris now hazard maps of zhaotong Prefecture and Yunnan Province.Therefore there is still much work for us to improve the zonation methedology.
2000, 10(2): 144-150.
摘要:
Changes in transport are likely to preduce changes in land use, and these long-term effects of transport policy may be of considerable potential importance.There is a growing movement, "The New Urbanism", which seeks to reconnect transport with land use and in particular to eslablish transitoriented development where higher-density,mixed-use areas are built around high-quality transit systems.Based on analysis on development and Pattern of urban transport inGuangzhou, this paper researches composition of urban transportation and struclure of travel pattern.The urban transport system development and change in urban form as well as change in land use are closely related.The urban transport, system required and promnoted by the high-density land-use pattern.There are many problems in the urban transportation and land-use, one of the resolving is integration of urban transport planning and land-use planning.
Changes in transport are likely to preduce changes in land use, and these long-term effects of transport policy may be of considerable potential importance.There is a growing movement, "The New Urbanism", which seeks to reconnect transport with land use and in particular to eslablish transitoriented development where higher-density,mixed-use areas are built around high-quality transit systems.Based on analysis on development and Pattern of urban transport inGuangzhou, this paper researches composition of urban transportation and struclure of travel pattern.The urban transport system development and change in urban form as well as change in land use are closely related.The urban transport, system required and promnoted by the high-density land-use pattern.There are many problems in the urban transportation and land-use, one of the resolving is integration of urban transport planning and land-use planning.
2000, 10(2): 151-158.
摘要:
Based on the data of wetlands in Huanghe delta and Liaohe delta which were go by the combination of Remote Sensing(RS), Geographical Information System(GIS) and Global Position System(GPS), the paper discusses the sindlarities and differences of wetlands in the two regions by comparing them in composition, distribuhon, spatial pattern of landscape and ecology.Problems in using and conserving weiland resources are shown in the paper, which aimto provide basis for the further study on the landscape ecology, function, and sustainable use of weilands in the deltas.The study shows that the wedands in the two deltas are characterized by peat variety of weiland types, distribution with the shape of strip, abundant resources of wild plants and animals, intense effects of human activities on the structure of the landscapes, broad prospects for development and great environmental pressure.It is necessary to successfull solve the contradiction between development and protection.At present, the most pressing matter of the moment is to protect environment and control pollution.
Based on the data of wetlands in Huanghe delta and Liaohe delta which were go by the combination of Remote Sensing(RS), Geographical Information System(GIS) and Global Position System(GPS), the paper discusses the sindlarities and differences of wetlands in the two regions by comparing them in composition, distribuhon, spatial pattern of landscape and ecology.Problems in using and conserving weiland resources are shown in the paper, which aimto provide basis for the further study on the landscape ecology, function, and sustainable use of weilands in the deltas.The study shows that the wedands in the two deltas are characterized by peat variety of weiland types, distribution with the shape of strip, abundant resources of wild plants and animals, intense effects of human activities on the structure of the landscapes, broad prospects for development and great environmental pressure.It is necessary to successfull solve the contradiction between development and protection.At present, the most pressing matter of the moment is to protect environment and control pollution.
2000, 10(2): 159-167.
摘要:
The Sahelian region of Mali is one of the areas seriously affected by sandy desertitication in the world.Widely distributed aeolian sand lays a material basis for the development of sandy desertification.Aeolian sand in the region is dominated by fine sand, followed by very fine sand.Sand materials contained in various sand dunes are different in grain size to a certain extent and the mineral compositions of dune sand are dondnated by stable and extreme stable minerals, with high stability and maturity.Aeolian sand in the region mainly comes from the reachvation of ancient sand dunes, the transportation of recent runing water and the sand supply of dry lakes and arroyos.Since the Pliocene this region has experienced four major evolution periods of aelian sand, namely from the Pliocene to the early Quaternary, last glacial period, the Holocene and present.
The Sahelian region of Mali is one of the areas seriously affected by sandy desertitication in the world.Widely distributed aeolian sand lays a material basis for the development of sandy desertification.Aeolian sand in the region is dominated by fine sand, followed by very fine sand.Sand materials contained in various sand dunes are different in grain size to a certain extent and the mineral compositions of dune sand are dondnated by stable and extreme stable minerals, with high stability and maturity.Aeolian sand in the region mainly comes from the reachvation of ancient sand dunes, the transportation of recent runing water and the sand supply of dry lakes and arroyos.Since the Pliocene this region has experienced four major evolution periods of aelian sand, namely from the Pliocene to the early Quaternary, last glacial period, the Holocene and present.
2000, 10(2): 168-176.
摘要:
The common problems on tourism of developing countries have often been researched by west researchers until now, which can be concluded into special words: "two sectors", "enclave construction", "government's inteference", "developing scale", and "the industrial role of tourism" etc.In fact all the researches were done from the areas with the patronage of foreign visitors, how is the situation of domestic tourism was ignored in some points.In this paper, another developing model compatal with the one with foregn visitors was presented to the readers on the case studies of countryside spas in China.Through this research, one aspect of Chinese nd leisure life can be understood to some extent, and the implying that for bigger developing countries the domestic tourism can match the the effect of international tourism should not be ignored at least to China.As the developing of economy, domestic tourism will finally unile with international one together, and the common probleme will disappear step by step, there fre domestic tourism and international tourism of developing countries should be researched equally since now.
The common problems on tourism of developing countries have often been researched by west researchers until now, which can be concluded into special words: "two sectors", "enclave construction", "government's inteference", "developing scale", and "the industrial role of tourism" etc.In fact all the researches were done from the areas with the patronage of foreign visitors, how is the situation of domestic tourism was ignored in some points.In this paper, another developing model compatal with the one with foregn visitors was presented to the readers on the case studies of countryside spas in China.Through this research, one aspect of Chinese nd leisure life can be understood to some extent, and the implying that for bigger developing countries the domestic tourism can match the the effect of international tourism should not be ignored at least to China.As the developing of economy, domestic tourism will finally unile with international one together, and the common probleme will disappear step by step, there fre domestic tourism and international tourism of developing countries should be researched equally since now.
2000, 10(2): 177-181.
摘要:
Corridors are special patches with narrow and long shape, and often have the functions as transportation,protection, resources and aesthetics.Corridors in the study area can be classilied into 8 types, with a total length of 5167.2 km, and conidor density of 1.25 km/km2.The conidore are mainly composed of irrigation and drainag canals,the total length of which is 2794 km,about 54.1% of all the corridors.The conidors have segmented the landscape, and changed the original situation of the natural landscapes.The types of conidors are clooely related to the landscape types they are distributed in.Canals are maily distributed in the wetland landscapes, while roads are mainly in the built-up area.Dikes are always along rivers or coastlines.The conidors are most densely distributed wherever human activity occurs most bouendy, such as in the artifical wedlands of paddy fields.
Corridors are special patches with narrow and long shape, and often have the functions as transportation,protection, resources and aesthetics.Corridors in the study area can be classilied into 8 types, with a total length of 5167.2 km, and conidor density of 1.25 km/km2.The conidore are mainly composed of irrigation and drainag canals,the total length of which is 2794 km,about 54.1% of all the corridors.The conidors have segmented the landscape, and changed the original situation of the natural landscapes.The types of conidors are clooely related to the landscape types they are distributed in.Canals are maily distributed in the wetland landscapes, while roads are mainly in the built-up area.Dikes are always along rivers or coastlines.The conidors are most densely distributed wherever human activity occurs most bouendy, such as in the artifical wedlands of paddy fields.
2000, 10(2): 182-187.
摘要:
Through statistical analysis on data of atmospheric precipitation samples of 8 cities from 1992 to 1997,this paper discussed temporal and spatial variations of pH in atmospheric precipitation in Jilin Province, China Monitored pH value in the 8 representative cities was converted into hydrogen ion consistency and average condsistency was calculated by weighting precipitation, then mean pH value was calculated according to average hydrogen ion consisteney.Results show that atmospheric precipitaion of cities in Jilin Province is basically.neutral, but in Tumem and Hunchun cities atmospheric precipitation is seriously acid.The average pH value of atmospheric precipitation of the eastern cities of Tumen and Hunchun in many years is 5.12 and 5.38 respectively, and the atmospheric precipiboon acidity in the two cities is quite serious with the extreme low pH is 3.91 and 4.28 respectively.Most of the acid precipitation occurred in summer and autumn seasons in the 8 monitored cities, so that the low pH value of atmoopheric pmeipitation occurred in summer and autunm seasons and high pH value occurred in winter ed spring seasons.The temporal and spatial variations of pH in atmospheric precipitation in Jilin Province are attributed to both local sources and peripheral sources, and are related to both natural and artificial factors.
Through statistical analysis on data of atmospheric precipitation samples of 8 cities from 1992 to 1997,this paper discussed temporal and spatial variations of pH in atmospheric precipitation in Jilin Province, China Monitored pH value in the 8 representative cities was converted into hydrogen ion consistency and average condsistency was calculated by weighting precipitation, then mean pH value was calculated according to average hydrogen ion consisteney.Results show that atmospheric precipitaion of cities in Jilin Province is basically.neutral, but in Tumem and Hunchun cities atmospheric precipitation is seriously acid.The average pH value of atmospheric precipitation of the eastern cities of Tumen and Hunchun in many years is 5.12 and 5.38 respectively, and the atmospheric precipiboon acidity in the two cities is quite serious with the extreme low pH is 3.91 and 4.28 respectively.Most of the acid precipitation occurred in summer and autumn seasons in the 8 monitored cities, so that the low pH value of atmoopheric pmeipitation occurred in summer and autunm seasons and high pH value occurred in winter ed spring seasons.The temporal and spatial variations of pH in atmospheric precipitation in Jilin Province are attributed to both local sources and peripheral sources, and are related to both natural and artificial factors.
2000, 10(2): 188-192.
摘要:
This paper, with the help of GIS, analyzes the structure characteristics, dynamic process and factors which result in failure of forest resources sustainable development in Tayuan Forest Farm, Da Hinggan Mountains, finds that there are big problems either in quantity or in Planning for forest resource development, and puts forward a project for its forest resources sustainable utilization.From the analysis, this paper is going to find an available develoment project for forest resourees sustainabe utlization for the forest farm, and also provides the proection and management of forest resources and the strategy of sustainable forestry development with scienndc foundation.
This paper, with the help of GIS, analyzes the structure characteristics, dynamic process and factors which result in failure of forest resources sustainable development in Tayuan Forest Farm, Da Hinggan Mountains, finds that there are big problems either in quantity or in Planning for forest resource development, and puts forward a project for its forest resources sustainable utilization.From the analysis, this paper is going to find an available develoment project for forest resourees sustainabe utlization for the forest farm, and also provides the proection and management of forest resources and the strategy of sustainable forestry development with scienndc foundation.
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