1994年 第4卷 第3期
1994, 4(3): 193-203.
摘要:
At present, paid urban landuse system is one of the most important economic reform in China. In the other words, landuse right can be transferred and land users must pay the rent to the state according to the quality of land. It is necessary toapply the theory of rent and location to the economic appraisal of urban land. China is vast in territory. Is's geographical condition and economic development vary from place to place, so does the urban land value. In order to reveal the difference of land value between different cities, the following method is used.(1)Analysing the factors and elements that affect the quality of urban land. Six factors including 17 elements were selected in this paper:macrolocation of a city, benefit of urban aggregation, infrastructure investment, output value of urban land, potential of urban land, and investment intensity.(2)Deciding the weight andvalue of each factor.(3)Appraising each element separately.(4)Accountingthe value of all factors and getting the total appraisal score of each city.(5)Grouping the 430 Chinese cities into sevencategories according to the appraisal values.The result shows that all the cities in the category with the highest land output values are in the coast belt, whereas most cities in the inland and outlying areas are belong to the category with low rank. For example, 87% of the cities in the outlying regions are belong to the lowest rank. Although there are some relationship between the size of cities and urban land rank, generally speaking, the larger the city, the higher the urban land rank. In fact, the locational condition is the most important factor which influences the rank of urban land.
At present, paid urban landuse system is one of the most important economic reform in China. In the other words, landuse right can be transferred and land users must pay the rent to the state according to the quality of land. It is necessary toapply the theory of rent and location to the economic appraisal of urban land. China is vast in territory. Is's geographical condition and economic development vary from place to place, so does the urban land value. In order to reveal the difference of land value between different cities, the following method is used.(1)Analysing the factors and elements that affect the quality of urban land. Six factors including 17 elements were selected in this paper:macrolocation of a city, benefit of urban aggregation, infrastructure investment, output value of urban land, potential of urban land, and investment intensity.(2)Deciding the weight andvalue of each factor.(3)Appraising each element separately.(4)Accountingthe value of all factors and getting the total appraisal score of each city.(5)Grouping the 430 Chinese cities into sevencategories according to the appraisal values.The result shows that all the cities in the category with the highest land output values are in the coast belt, whereas most cities in the inland and outlying areas are belong to the category with low rank. For example, 87% of the cities in the outlying regions are belong to the lowest rank. Although there are some relationship between the size of cities and urban land rank, generally speaking, the larger the city, the higher the urban land rank. In fact, the locational condition is the most important factor which influences the rank of urban land.
1994, 4(3): 204-209.
摘要:
Based on the spatial organizational structures of the provincial border-regions(a border-region is one which borders two or more independent administrative regions), we build a spatial economic model for N-provincial border-regions(a N-p border-region is one which is under the jurisdiction of N provincial governments)and find that, for a given region with same geographical condition and resources endowment, the largest output of a N-p border-regional system will not exceed that ofa(N-1)-p border-regional system, i.e., F1*≥F2*…≥FN-1*≥Fn*. Using the model in this paper, we present a quantitative method to calculate the economic impacts of "provincial borders" and apply it to the border-region of Shanxi, Hebei, Shangdong, and Henan provinces. The result shows that the economic potential in the border-region hasnot been efficiently exploited and that the annual gross agricultural products have decreased by 10.4% due to the 4-p borders.
Based on the spatial organizational structures of the provincial border-regions(a border-region is one which borders two or more independent administrative regions), we build a spatial economic model for N-provincial border-regions(a N-p border-region is one which is under the jurisdiction of N provincial governments)and find that, for a given region with same geographical condition and resources endowment, the largest output of a N-p border-regional system will not exceed that ofa(N-1)-p border-regional system, i.e., F1*≥F2*…≥FN-1*≥Fn*. Using the model in this paper, we present a quantitative method to calculate the economic impacts of "provincial borders" and apply it to the border-region of Shanxi, Hebei, Shangdong, and Henan provinces. The result shows that the economic potential in the border-region hasnot been efficiently exploited and that the annual gross agricultural products have decreased by 10.4% due to the 4-p borders.
1994, 4(3): 210-218.
摘要:
China has been firmly carried out her birth control policy for over 2 decades, and this has been very srccessful in practice. India is the second populous country in the world. Although overpopulation problem was identified in the 1950s, and birth control policy was implemented since then, the situation has not yet been improved. The aim of this paper is to make comparisons between these two countries, in terms of social and cultural background, geographical distribution of population, national minority structure, in order to reveal the reasons behind the China's success, and implications for India.
China has been firmly carried out her birth control policy for over 2 decades, and this has been very srccessful in practice. India is the second populous country in the world. Although overpopulation problem was identified in the 1950s, and birth control policy was implemented since then, the situation has not yet been improved. The aim of this paper is to make comparisons between these two countries, in terms of social and cultural background, geographical distribution of population, national minority structure, in order to reveal the reasons behind the China's success, and implications for India.
1994, 4(3): 219-231.
摘要:
A new strategic thinking is put forward to resolve the urban problems in Shanghai based on the tendencies of recent shift of economic structure and development. It is argued that the traditional institution of urban economy and management is responsible for the degeneration of urban environment. Thus, a change of mechanism of urban functioning is essential to the sustainable growth of Shanghai City. The key part of the new strategic thinking of Shanghai urban renewal is the adjustment of urban land use structure and industrial structure, using land use right leasing of the emergent land market as the start force of the structure adjustment by accumulating capital. And the development of Pudong new area provides right time and space forShanghai urban renewal.
A new strategic thinking is put forward to resolve the urban problems in Shanghai based on the tendencies of recent shift of economic structure and development. It is argued that the traditional institution of urban economy and management is responsible for the degeneration of urban environment. Thus, a change of mechanism of urban functioning is essential to the sustainable growth of Shanghai City. The key part of the new strategic thinking of Shanghai urban renewal is the adjustment of urban land use structure and industrial structure, using land use right leasing of the emergent land market as the start force of the structure adjustment by accumulating capital. And the development of Pudong new area provides right time and space forShanghai urban renewal.
1994, 4(3): 232-241.
摘要:
Xisha Islands is situated on the South China Sea, at 15°46'-17°08'N. and 111°11'-112 °54'E., with an altitude of 2.6-15.9m. The major types of vegetation are the evergreen coral island forest, and beach vegetation. The major types of vegetation are the evergreen coral island forest, scrub forest and beach vegetation. The dominant species of the forest communities are Pisonia grandis, Guettarda speciosa, Scaevola sericea and Messer schmidia argentea.There are 212 species of wild vascularplants belonging to 52 families and 147 genera in this area, of which there are 4 families, 4 genera and 5 species of pteridophyte and 48 families, 143 genera and 207 species of Angiosperms. The main families of the flora are Poaceae, Papilionaceae, Cyperaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Malvaceae, Rubiaceae, Nyctaginaceae and Boraginaceae etc. According to the geographical distribution, Spermatophytic genera in Xisha Islands may be classified into 9 types, of which pantropic genera accounts for 70% of total genera. At specific level, elements of Tropical Asia to Tropical Australia are dominant part in the forest communities. In this area there is no species endemic to itself. Many primitive taxa such as Gymnosperms, Anonaceae and many others are not found in the flora. Comparing the composition of the flora with those of 6 neighboring regions, the flora of Xisha Islands is quite similar to those of Hainan Island. The similarity indices of genera and species are 98.46% and 94.09% respectively. Indigofera chunianais endemic to the two regions.
Xisha Islands is situated on the South China Sea, at 15°46'-17°08'N. and 111°11'-112 °54'E., with an altitude of 2.6-15.9m. The major types of vegetation are the evergreen coral island forest, and beach vegetation. The major types of vegetation are the evergreen coral island forest, scrub forest and beach vegetation. The dominant species of the forest communities are Pisonia grandis, Guettarda speciosa, Scaevola sericea and Messer schmidia argentea.There are 212 species of wild vascularplants belonging to 52 families and 147 genera in this area, of which there are 4 families, 4 genera and 5 species of pteridophyte and 48 families, 143 genera and 207 species of Angiosperms. The main families of the flora are Poaceae, Papilionaceae, Cyperaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Malvaceae, Rubiaceae, Nyctaginaceae and Boraginaceae etc. According to the geographical distribution, Spermatophytic genera in Xisha Islands may be classified into 9 types, of which pantropic genera accounts for 70% of total genera. At specific level, elements of Tropical Asia to Tropical Australia are dominant part in the forest communities. In this area there is no species endemic to itself. Many primitive taxa such as Gymnosperms, Anonaceae and many others are not found in the flora. Comparing the composition of the flora with those of 6 neighboring regions, the flora of Xisha Islands is quite similar to those of Hainan Island. The similarity indices of genera and species are 98.46% and 94.09% respectively. Indigofera chunianais endemic to the two regions.
1994, 4(3): 242-251.
摘要:
The general form of the north-branch of the Changjiang River mouth has changed much as a result of the change of the main stream lines of the Nantong reach of the Changjiang River and the influence of human activities since 1915. By the 1930s, the main stream lines of the Nantong reach of the Changjiang River has shifted to the Tongzhou Bar west channel. The north-branch at the Changjiang River mouth has become atrophic because of Tongzhou Bar east channel's deposition. After 1958, Toughal Bar and Jiangxin Bar were exploited. And in 1970, the north channel of Jiangxin Bar was blocked up. All these things make the water of the north-branch more difficult to pass through. It leads to the decline of the total discharge percentage of the north-branch. And it causes the rising tide to go back to the south-branch. However, since 1978, with the development of Tongzhou Bar east channel and its left bank being scoured, the water amount of the north-branch has been increasing. And the water, load and salt of going back to the south-branch has been becoming less.
The general form of the north-branch of the Changjiang River mouth has changed much as a result of the change of the main stream lines of the Nantong reach of the Changjiang River and the influence of human activities since 1915. By the 1930s, the main stream lines of the Nantong reach of the Changjiang River has shifted to the Tongzhou Bar west channel. The north-branch at the Changjiang River mouth has become atrophic because of Tongzhou Bar east channel's deposition. After 1958, Toughal Bar and Jiangxin Bar were exploited. And in 1970, the north channel of Jiangxin Bar was blocked up. All these things make the water of the north-branch more difficult to pass through. It leads to the decline of the total discharge percentage of the north-branch. And it causes the rising tide to go back to the south-branch. However, since 1978, with the development of Tongzhou Bar east channel and its left bank being scoured, the water amount of the north-branch has been increasing. And the water, load and salt of going back to the south-branch has been becoming less.
1994, 4(3): 252-258.
摘要:
Xu Hongzu(1587-1641)initiated a new orientation on the study of geography, i.e., systematically observing natural phenomena and describing geographical conditions. Basing his analyses upon simple yet precise measurements and comprehensive descriptions of geographical conditions, he investigated the relationships between the various geographical phenomena and made a comparative study of the different geographical features of various different regions. Thus, he broke through the limitations of classical Geography and promoted the development towards modern Geography.
Xu Hongzu(1587-1641)initiated a new orientation on the study of geography, i.e., systematically observing natural phenomena and describing geographical conditions. Basing his analyses upon simple yet precise measurements and comprehensive descriptions of geographical conditions, he investigated the relationships between the various geographical phenomena and made a comparative study of the different geographical features of various different regions. Thus, he broke through the limitations of classical Geography and promoted the development towards modern Geography.
1994, 4(3): 259-267.
摘要:
The paper expounds the characteristics of the verticaldistribution of agrotopoclimatic resources in the warm sectors of the Three Gorges area of the Changjiang(Yangtze)River, sets up models of vertical distribution of resources, and make a vertical division of the agrotopoclimate. Mean temperature presents a linear decrease with increasing altitude. In general, the mean annual maximum temperature and the mean annual munimum temperature decrease with the altitude increase especially, the absolute minimum temperature presents an indictal decline. Days of high temperature decrease with the altitude increase and days of low temperature in reverse. Accumulated temperature and days of agricultural threshold temperature have negative relation with the height. Both annual sunshine hours and the sunshine hours between April and October present a linear decrease with increasing altitude. The precipitation in sectors above 300m increases with increasing altitude, but the precipitation in sectors below 300m goes in reverse. Annual change of precipitation has typical characteristics of East Asia monsoon climate with two peaks. In lower warm sectors the aridity index decreases with increasing altitude while in upper sectors it increases with the altitude Increase. Nine indices of vertical division are selected to make a quantitative division of agrotopoclimate.
The paper expounds the characteristics of the verticaldistribution of agrotopoclimatic resources in the warm sectors of the Three Gorges area of the Changjiang(Yangtze)River, sets up models of vertical distribution of resources, and make a vertical division of the agrotopoclimate. Mean temperature presents a linear decrease with increasing altitude. In general, the mean annual maximum temperature and the mean annual munimum temperature decrease with the altitude increase especially, the absolute minimum temperature presents an indictal decline. Days of high temperature decrease with the altitude increase and days of low temperature in reverse. Accumulated temperature and days of agricultural threshold temperature have negative relation with the height. Both annual sunshine hours and the sunshine hours between April and October present a linear decrease with increasing altitude. The precipitation in sectors above 300m increases with increasing altitude, but the precipitation in sectors below 300m goes in reverse. Annual change of precipitation has typical characteristics of East Asia monsoon climate with two peaks. In lower warm sectors the aridity index decreases with increasing altitude while in upper sectors it increases with the altitude Increase. Nine indices of vertical division are selected to make a quantitative division of agrotopoclimate.
1994, 4(3): 268-276.
摘要:
The geographical analysis method base is a software system in common use which designed by the software technology. It includes the general analysis method on optimization problems and on mathematical programming by both geographers and planners. This paper describes the method'base and its applications. Supported by the regional information system, analysis are carried out concerning the land efficiency system, the relevance between human being and land, the effect of Beijing and Tianjin to region or the center city expansion analysis, the population forecast of Beting, the reasonable analysis of each city industry structure, and the retio degrees of regional industry distribution. The analysis results provide reliable bases for the regional development, the regional land value confirmation and the acknowledge of environment changes caused by the human action and the changes of natural items.
The geographical analysis method base is a software system in common use which designed by the software technology. It includes the general analysis method on optimization problems and on mathematical programming by both geographers and planners. This paper describes the method'base and its applications. Supported by the regional information system, analysis are carried out concerning the land efficiency system, the relevance between human being and land, the effect of Beijing and Tianjin to region or the center city expansion analysis, the population forecast of Beting, the reasonable analysis of each city industry structure, and the retio degrees of regional industry distribution. The analysis results provide reliable bases for the regional development, the regional land value confirmation and the acknowledge of environment changes caused by the human action and the changes of natural items.
1994, 4(3): 277-288.
摘要:
Spatial pattern of landscape is a central issue in landscape ecology study. The main reason of landscape patten change owes to the external disturbance. In this article, retrospective sequential airphotoanalysis and statistical analysis of information on landscape development were used and two remarkable changes of landscape pattern in west Shenyang were identified:(a)one landscape element becomes a new matrix in place of the former one;(b)landscape proportions among several constiting elements changed significantly. This paper studied spatial pattern of the landscape using following quanta indices:(1)number and size of patches,(2)transition matrix of patches,(3)priority index of each kind of patch and(4)diversity and evenness indices of landscape.The results show that the landscape of west Shenyang has been more and more disturbed by human activities, so it becomes fragmentary throughout 30 years, and many blocky and island-like patches emerged.
Spatial pattern of landscape is a central issue in landscape ecology study. The main reason of landscape patten change owes to the external disturbance. In this article, retrospective sequential airphotoanalysis and statistical analysis of information on landscape development were used and two remarkable changes of landscape pattern in west Shenyang were identified:(a)one landscape element becomes a new matrix in place of the former one;(b)landscape proportions among several constiting elements changed significantly. This paper studied spatial pattern of the landscape using following quanta indices:(1)number and size of patches,(2)transition matrix of patches,(3)priority index of each kind of patch and(4)diversity and evenness indices of landscape.The results show that the landscape of west Shenyang has been more and more disturbed by human activities, so it becomes fragmentary throughout 30 years, and many blocky and island-like patches emerged.
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