Spatial Accessibility to Shopping Malls in Nanjing, China: Comparative Analysis with Multiple Transportation Modes

LI Ang; CHEN Jie; QIAN Tianlu; ZHANG Wenhan; WANG Jiechen

doi:10.1007/s11769-020-1127-y

Volume 30 Issue 4

Jul. 2020

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Article Navigation > Chinese Geographical Science > 2020 > 30(4): 710-724

LI Ang, CHEN Jie, QIAN Tianlu, ZHANG Wenhan, WANG Jiechen. Spatial Accessibility to Shopping Malls in Nanjing, China: Comparative Analysis with Multiple Transportation Modes[J]. Chinese Geographical Science, 2020, 30(4): 710-724. doi: 10.1007/s11769-020-1127-y

Citation:

LI Ang, CHEN Jie, QIAN Tianlu, ZHANG Wenhan, WANG Jiechen. Spatial Accessibility to Shopping Malls in Nanjing, China: Comparative Analysis with Multiple Transportation Modes[J]. Chinese Geographical Science, 2020, 30(4): 710-724. doi: 10.1007/s11769-020-1127-y

Spatial Accessibility to Shopping Malls in Nanjing, China: Comparative Analysis with Multiple Transportation Modes

doi: 10.1007/s11769-020-1127-y

1. Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Key Laboratory for Land Satellite Remote Sensing Applications of Ministry of Natural Resources, School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China;
2. School of Architecture and Surveying Engineering, Datong University, Datong 037009, China;
3. Jiangsu Center for Collab-orative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China

Funds:

Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41571377)

Received Date: 2019-09-10

Abstract

This study attempts to evaluate the rationality of the spatial layout of shopping malls and identify the urban area with poor shopping mall accessibility, as well as to provide a reference and assist decision-making for planning. Using the case of Nanjing, China, this study developed a method to evaluate the accessibility of shopping malls by three transport modes (car traffic, public transit, and bicycle). Specially, we divide the urban space into a regular hexagonal grid and harvest the total travel time from each of 7204 hexagon centroids to each of 129 shopping malls using the Baidu Internet map. The door-to-door travel time approach is used to evaluate all travel stages (walking, waiting, transfer, and transportation) based on travel time calculations. We further divide the shopping malls into two levels (super-regional and regional) based on the Dianping App’s information and develop the indicator of accessibility to shopping malls: the number of shopping malls within tolerance time thresholds and apply the closest facility and cumulative opportunities methods to measure accessibility scores. The results show that the accessibility estimations vary greatly with transport modes. The accessibility of shopping malls presents a concentric ring trend centered on the city center under the car traffic and bicycle modes. And public transit accessibility tends to axially extend due to the topology of bus routes and metro lines. In particular, we observe that the accessibility of shopping malls in Nanjing has an uneven spatial distribution pattern, with high accessibility values in the central urban areas and lots of underserved areas in urban fringe regions. Based on the accessibility measurements, we finally map the poor accessibility area and propose corresponding implications for urban planning.
- spatial accessibility,
- shopping mall access,
- transport mode,
- door-to-door travel time,
- internet maps

References

[1]	Benenson I, Martens K, Rofé Y et al., 2011. Public transport ver-sus private car GIS-based estimation of accessibility applied to the Tel Aviv metropolitan area. The Annals of Regional Science, 47(3):499-515. doi: 10.1007/s00168-010-0392-6
[2]	Charreire H, Casey R, Salze P et al., 2010. Measuring the food environment using geographical information systems:a meth-odological review. Public Health Nutrition, 13(11):1773-1785. doi: 10.1017/S1368980010000753
[3]	Dalvi M Q, Martin K M, 1976. The measurement of accessibility:some preliminary results. Transportation, 5(1):17-42. doi: 10.1007/BF00165245
[4]	Guagliardo M F, 2004. Spatial accessibility of primary care:con-cepts, methods and challenges. International Journal of Health Geographics, 3(1):1-13. doi: 10.1186/1476-072X-3-3
[5]	Guy C M, 1983. The assessment of access to local shopping op-portunities:a comparison of accessibility measures. Environ-ment and Planning B:Planning and Design, 10(2):219-237. doi: 10.1068/b100219
[6]	Handy S L, Clifton K J, 2001. Local shopping as a strategy for reducing automobile travel. Transportation, 28(4):317-346. doi: 10.1023/A:1011850618753
[7]	Hansen W G, 1959. How accessibility shapes land use. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 25(2):73-76. doi: 10.1080/01944365908978307
[8]	Hao Feilong, Wang Shijun, Xie Dongcan et al., 2017. Space-time accessibility of the commercial centers in Changchun urban area based on internet mapping service. Economic Geography, 37(2):68-75. (in Chinese)
[9]	Jamtsho S, Corner R, Dewan A, 2015. Spatio-temporal analysis of spatial accessibility to primary health care in Bhutan. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 4(3):1584-1604. doi: 10.3390/ijgi4031584
[10]	Jia T, Tao H B, Qin K et al., 2014. Selecting the optimal healthcare centers with a modified P-median model:a visual analytic perspective. International Journal of Health Geographics, 13(1):42-57. doi: 10.1186/1476-072X-13-42
[11]	Langford M, Fry R, Higgs G, 2012. Measuring transit system accessibility using a modified two-step floating catchment technique. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 26(2):193-214. doi: 10.1080/13658816.2011.574140
[12]	Li Z B, Wang W, Yang C et al., 2017. Bicycle mode share in China:a city-level analysis of long term trends. Transportation, 44(4):773-788. doi: 10.1007/s11116-016-9676-8
[13]	Liu S X, Zhu X, 2004. An integrated GIS approach to accessibility analysis. Transactions in GIS, 8(1):45-62. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9671.2004.00167.x
[14]	Liu Z L, Jia X D, Cheng W, 2012. Solving the last mile problem:ensure the success of public bicycle system in Beijing. Proce-dia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 43:73-78. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.04.079
[15]	Luo W, Wang F H, 2003. Measures of spatial accessibility to health care in a GIS environment:synthesis and a case study in the Chicago region. Environment and Planning B:Planning and Design, 30(6):865-884. doi: 10.1068/b29120
[16]	Medda F, 2012. Land value capture finance for transport accessi-bility:a review. Journal of Transport Geography, 25:154-161. doi: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.07.013
[17]	Morris J M, Dumble P L, Wigan M R, 1979. Accessibility indi-cators for transport planning. Transportation Research Part A:General, 13(2):91-109. doi:10.1016/0191-2607(79) 90012-8
[18]	Neutens T, Schwanen T, Witlox F et al., 2010. Equity of urban service delivery:a comparison of different accessibility measures. Environment and Planning A:Economy and Space, 42(7):1613-1635. doi: 10.1068/a4230
[19]	Neutens T, Delafontaine M, Schwanen T et al., 2012. The rela-tionship between opening hours and accessibility of public service delivery. Journal of Transport Geography, 25:128-140. doi: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2011.03.004
[20]	Ni J H, Wang J Y, Rui Y K et al., 2015. An enhanced variable two-step floating catchment area method for measuring spatial accessibility to residential care facilities in Nanjing. Interna-tional Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12(11):14490-14504. doi: 10.3390/ijerph121114490
[21]	Pasaogullari N, Doratli N, 2004. Measuring accessibility and utilization of public spaces in Famagusta. Cities, 21(3):225-232. doi: 10.1016/j.cities.2004.03.003
[22]	Pirie G H, 1979. Measuring accessibility:a review and proposal. Environment & Planning A:Economy and Space, 11(3):299-312. doi: 10.1068/a110299
[23]	Salonen M, Toivonen T, 2013. Modelling travel time in urban networks:comparable measures for car traffic and public transport. Journal of Transport Geography, 31:143-153. doi: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2013.06.011
[24]	Shearer C, Rainham D, Blanchard C et al., 2015. Measuring food availability and accessibility among adolescents:moving beyond the neighbourhood boundary. Social Science & Medicine, 133:322-330. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.11.019
[25]	Shen Q, 1998. Location characteristics of inner-city neighborhoods and employment accessibility of low-wage workers. Environment and Planning B:Planning and Design, 25(3):345-365. doi: 10.1068/b250345
[26]	Shu J, Chou M C, Liu Q Z et al., 2013. Models for effective de-ployment and redistribution of bicycles within public bicy-cle-sharing systems. Operations Research, 61(6):1346-1359. doi: 10.1287/opre.2013.1215
[27]	Song Zhengna, Chen Wen, Zhang Guixiang et al., 2010. Spatial accessibility to public service facilities and its measurement approaches. Progress in Geography, 29(10):1217-1224. (in Chinese)
[28]	Su S L, Li Z K, Xu M Y et al., 2017. A geo-big data approach to intra-urban food deserts:transit-varying accessibility, social inequalities, and implications for urban planning. Habitat International, 64:22-40. doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2017.04. 007
[29]	Talen E, Anselin L, 1998. Assessing spatial equity:an evaluation of measures of accessibility to public playgrounds. Environment and Planning A:Economy and Space, 30(4):595-613. doi: 10.1068/a300595
[30]	Thornton L E, Pearce J R, Kavanagh A M, 2011. Using geographic information systems (GIS) to assess the role of the built environment in influencing obesity:a glossary. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 8:71. doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-8-71
[31]	Wang H L, Qiu F, Swallow B, 2014. Can community gardens and farmers' markets relieve food desert problems? A study of Edmonton, Canada. Applied Geography, 55:127-137. doi: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.09.010
[32]	Wang Li, Cao Xiaoshu, Li Tao et al., 2019. Accessibility compar-ison and spatial differentiation of Xi'an scenic spots with dif-ferent modes based on Baidu real-time travel. Chinese Geo-graphical Science, 29(5):848-860. doi: 10.1007/s11769-019-1073-8
[33]	Wang R, 2010. Shaping urban transport policies in China:will copying foreign policies work? Transport Policy, 17(3):147-152. doi: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2010.01.001
[34]	Widener M J, 2017. Comparing measures of accessibility to urban supermarkets for transit and auto users. The Professional Ge-ographer, 69(3):362-371. doi:10.1080/00330124.2016. 1237293
[35]	Nanjing Local Chronicle Office, 2018. Statistical Yearbook of Nanjing. Beijing:China's Statistics Press. (in Chinese)

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通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

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Spatial Accessibility to Shopping Malls in Nanjing, China: Comparative Analysis with Multiple Transportation Modes

1. Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Key Laboratory for Land Satellite Remote Sensing Applications of Ministry of Natural Resources, School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China;

2. School of Architecture and Surveying Engineering, Datong University, Datong 037009, China;

3. Jiangsu Center for Collab-orative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China

Funds:

Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41571377)

Received Date: 2019-09-10

Key words:

Abstract: This study attempts to evaluate the rationality of the spatial layout of shopping malls and identify the urban area with poor shopping mall accessibility, as well as to provide a reference and assist decision-making for planning. Using the case of Nanjing, China, this study developed a method to evaluate the accessibility of shopping malls by three transport modes (car traffic, public transit, and bicycle). Specially, we divide the urban space into a regular hexagonal grid and harvest the total travel time from each of 7204 hexagon centroids to each of 129 shopping malls using the Baidu Internet map. The door-to-door travel time approach is used to evaluate all travel stages (walking, waiting, transfer, and transportation) based on travel time calculations. We further divide the shopping malls into two levels (super-regional and regional) based on the Dianping App’s information and develop the indicator of accessibility to shopping malls: the number of shopping malls within tolerance time thresholds and apply the closest facility and cumulative opportunities methods to measure accessibility scores. The results show that the accessibility estimations vary greatly with transport modes. The accessibility of shopping malls presents a concentric ring trend centered on the city center under the car traffic and bicycle modes. And public transit accessibility tends to axially extend due to the topology of bus routes and metro lines. In particular, we observe that the accessibility of shopping malls in Nanjing has an uneven spatial distribution pattern, with high accessibility values in the central urban areas and lots of underserved areas in urban fringe regions. Based on the accessibility measurements, we finally map the poor accessibility area and propose corresponding implications for urban planning.

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Reference (35)

[1]	Benenson I, Martens K, Rofé Y et al., 2011. Public transport ver-sus private car GIS-based estimation of accessibility applied to the Tel Aviv metropolitan area. The Annals of Regional Science, 47(3):499-515. doi:10.1007/s00168-010-0392-6
[2]	Charreire H, Casey R, Salze P et al., 2010. Measuring the food environment using geographical information systems:a meth-odological review. Public Health Nutrition, 13(11):1773-1785. doi:10.1017/S1368980010000753
[3]	Dalvi M Q, Martin K M, 1976. The measurement of accessibility:some preliminary results. Transportation, 5(1):17-42. doi:10.1007/BF00165245
[4]	Guagliardo M F, 2004. Spatial accessibility of primary care:con-cepts, methods and challenges. International Journal of Health Geographics, 3(1):1-13. doi:10.1186/1476-072X-3-3
[5]	Guy C M, 1983. The assessment of access to local shopping op-portunities:a comparison of accessibility measures. Environ-ment and Planning B:Planning and Design, 10(2):219-237. doi:10.1068/b100219
[6]	Handy S L, Clifton K J, 2001. Local shopping as a strategy for reducing automobile travel. Transportation, 28(4):317-346. doi:10.1023/A:1011850618753
[7]	Hansen W G, 1959. How accessibility shapes land use. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 25(2):73-76. doi:10.1080/01944365908978307
[8]	Hao Feilong, Wang Shijun, Xie Dongcan et al., 2017. Space-time accessibility of the commercial centers in Changchun urban area based on internet mapping service. Economic Geography, 37(2):68-75. (in Chinese)
[9]	Jamtsho S, Corner R, Dewan A, 2015. Spatio-temporal analysis of spatial accessibility to primary health care in Bhutan. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 4(3):1584-1604. doi:10.3390/ijgi4031584
[10]	Jia T, Tao H B, Qin K et al., 2014. Selecting the optimal healthcare centers with a modified P-median model:a visual analytic perspective. International Journal of Health Geographics, 13(1):42-57. doi:10.1186/1476-072X-13-42
[11]	Langford M, Fry R, Higgs G, 2012. Measuring transit system accessibility using a modified two-step floating catchment technique. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 26(2):193-214. doi:10.1080/13658816.2011.574140
[12]	Li Z B, Wang W, Yang C et al., 2017. Bicycle mode share in China:a city-level analysis of long term trends. Transportation, 44(4):773-788. doi:10.1007/s11116-016-9676-8
[13]	Liu S X, Zhu X, 2004. An integrated GIS approach to accessibility analysis. Transactions in GIS, 8(1):45-62. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9671.2004.00167.x
[14]	Liu Z L, Jia X D, Cheng W, 2012. Solving the last mile problem:ensure the success of public bicycle system in Beijing. Proce-dia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 43:73-78. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.04.079
[15]	Luo W, Wang F H, 2003. Measures of spatial accessibility to health care in a GIS environment:synthesis and a case study in the Chicago region. Environment and Planning B:Planning and Design, 30(6):865-884. doi:10.1068/b29120
[16]	Medda F, 2012. Land value capture finance for transport accessi-bility:a review. Journal of Transport Geography, 25:154-161. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.07.013
[17]	Morris J M, Dumble P L, Wigan M R, 1979. Accessibility indi-cators for transport planning. Transportation Research Part A:General, 13(2):91-109. doi:10.1016/0191-2607(79) 90012-8
[18]	Neutens T, Schwanen T, Witlox F et al., 2010. Equity of urban service delivery:a comparison of different accessibility measures. Environment and Planning A:Economy and Space, 42(7):1613-1635. doi:10.1068/a4230
[19]	Neutens T, Delafontaine M, Schwanen T et al., 2012. The rela-tionship between opening hours and accessibility of public service delivery. Journal of Transport Geography, 25:128-140. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2011.03.004
[20]	Ni J H, Wang J Y, Rui Y K et al., 2015. An enhanced variable two-step floating catchment area method for measuring spatial accessibility to residential care facilities in Nanjing. Interna-tional Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12(11):14490-14504. doi:10.3390/ijerph121114490
[21]	Pasaogullari N, Doratli N, 2004. Measuring accessibility and utilization of public spaces in Famagusta. Cities, 21(3):225-232. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2004.03.003
[22]	Pirie G H, 1979. Measuring accessibility:a review and proposal. Environment & Planning A:Economy and Space, 11(3):299-312. doi:10.1068/a110299
[23]	Salonen M, Toivonen T, 2013. Modelling travel time in urban networks:comparable measures for car traffic and public transport. Journal of Transport Geography, 31:143-153. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2013.06.011
[24]	Shearer C, Rainham D, Blanchard C et al., 2015. Measuring food availability and accessibility among adolescents:moving beyond the neighbourhood boundary. Social Science & Medicine, 133:322-330. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.11.019
[25]	Shen Q, 1998. Location characteristics of inner-city neighborhoods and employment accessibility of low-wage workers. Environment and Planning B:Planning and Design, 25(3):345-365. doi:10.1068/b250345
[26]	Shu J, Chou M C, Liu Q Z et al., 2013. Models for effective de-ployment and redistribution of bicycles within public bicy-cle-sharing systems. Operations Research, 61(6):1346-1359. doi:10.1287/opre.2013.1215
[27]	Song Zhengna, Chen Wen, Zhang Guixiang et al., 2010. Spatial accessibility to public service facilities and its measurement approaches. Progress in Geography, 29(10):1217-1224. (in Chinese)
[28]	Su S L, Li Z K, Xu M Y et al., 2017. A geo-big data approach to intra-urban food deserts:transit-varying accessibility, social inequalities, and implications for urban planning. Habitat International, 64:22-40. doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2017.04. 007
[29]	Talen E, Anselin L, 1998. Assessing spatial equity:an evaluation of measures of accessibility to public playgrounds. Environment and Planning A:Economy and Space, 30(4):595-613. doi:10.1068/a300595
[30]	Thornton L E, Pearce J R, Kavanagh A M, 2011. Using geographic information systems (GIS) to assess the role of the built environment in influencing obesity:a glossary. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 8:71. doi:10.1186/1479-5868-8-71
[31]	Wang H L, Qiu F, Swallow B, 2014. Can community gardens and farmers' markets relieve food desert problems? A study of Edmonton, Canada. Applied Geography, 55:127-137. doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.09.010
[32]	Wang Li, Cao Xiaoshu, Li Tao et al., 2019. Accessibility compar-ison and spatial differentiation of Xi'an scenic spots with dif-ferent modes based on Baidu real-time travel. Chinese Geo-graphical Science, 29(5):848-860. doi:10.1007/s11769-019-1073-8
[33]	Wang R, 2010. Shaping urban transport policies in China:will copying foreign policies work? Transport Policy, 17(3):147-152. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2010.01.001
[34]	Widener M J, 2017. Comparing measures of accessibility to urban supermarkets for transit and auto users. The Professional Ge-ographer, 69(3):362-371. doi:10.1080/00330124.2016. 1237293
[35]	Nanjing Local Chronicle Office, 2018. Statistical Yearbook of Nanjing. Beijing:China's Statistics Press. (in Chinese)

Spatial Accessibility to Shopping Malls in Nanjing, China: Comparative Analysis with Multiple Transportation Modes

doi: 10.1007/s11769-020-1127-y

Abstract

References

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通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

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