Evaluating Conservation Effectiveness of Nature Reserves Established for Surrogate Species：Case of a Giant Panda Nature Reserve in Qinling Mountains, China

XU Weihua; Andrés VIÑA; QI Zengxiang; OUYANG Zhiyun; LIU Jianguo; LIU Wei; WAN Hui

doi:10.1007/s11769-014-0656-7

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XU Weihua, Andrés VIÑA, QI Zengxiang, OUYANG Zhiyun, LIU Jianguo, LIU Wei, WAN Hui. Evaluating Conservation Effectiveness of Nature Reserves Established for Surrogate Species：Case of a Giant Panda Nature Reserve in Qinling Mountains, China[J]. Chinese Geographical Science, 2014, (1): 60-70. doi: 10.1007/s11769-014-0656-7

Citation:

XU Weihua, Andrés VIÑA, QI Zengxiang, OUYANG Zhiyun, LIU Jianguo, LIU Wei, WAN Hui. Evaluating Conservation Effectiveness of Nature Reserves Established for Surrogate Species：Case of a Giant Panda Nature Reserve in Qinling Mountains, China[J]. Chinese Geographical Science, 2014, (1): 60-70. doi: 10.1007/s11769-014-0656-7

Evaluating Conservation Effectiveness of Nature Reserves Established for Surrogate Species：Case of a Giant Panda Nature Reserve in Qinling Mountains, China

doi: 10.1007/s11769-014-0656-7

1.
State Key Laboratory of Regional and Urban Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China;
2.
Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA;
3.
College of Design and Art, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China;
4.
World Wide Fund for Nature WWF Xi'an Programme Office, Xi'an 710075, China

More Information

Corresponding author: XU Weihua,xuweihua@rcees.ac.cn
Received Date: 2013-04-09
Rev Recd Date: 2013-07-23
Publish Date: 2014-01-06

Abstract

Many nature reserves are established to protect the habitat needs of particular endangered species of interest but their effectiveness for protecting other species is questionable. In this study, this effectiveness was evaluated in a nature reserve network located in the Qinling Mountains, Shaanxi Province, China. The network of reserves was established mainly for the conservation of the giant panda, a species considered as a surrogate for the conservation of many other endangered species in the region. The habitat suitability of nine protected species, including the giant panda, was modeled by using Maximum Entropy (MAXENT) and their spatial congruence was analyzed. Habitat suitability of these species was also overlapped with nature reserve boundaries and their management zones (i.e., core, buffer and experimental zones). Results show that in general the habitat of the giant panda constitutes a reasonable surrogate of the habitat of other protected species, and giant panda reserves protect a relatively high proportion of the habitat of other protected species. Therefore, giant panda habitat conservation also allows the conservation of the habitat of other protected species in the region. However, a large area of suitable habitat was excluded from the nature reserve network. In addition, four species exhibited a low proportion of highly suitable habitat inside the core zones of nature reserves. It suggests that a high proportion of suitable habitat of protected species not targeted for conservation is located in the experimental and buffer zones, thus, is being affected by human activities. To increase their conservation effectiveness, nature reserves and their management zones need to be re-examined in order to include suitable habitat of more endangered species. The procedures described in this study can be easily implemented for the conservation of many endangered species not only in China but in many other parts of the world.
- giant panda,
- habitat suitability,
- Maximum Entropy (MAXENT),
- nature reserve network,
- surrogate species

References

[1]	Andelman S J, Fagan W F, 2000. Umbrellas and flagships: Efficient conservation surrogates or expensive mistakes? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 97(11): 5954-5959. doi: 10.1073/pnas. 100126797
[2]	Andelman S J, Willig M R, 2003. Present patterns and future prospects for biodiversity in the western Hemisphere. Ecology Letters, 6(9), 818-824. doi: 10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00503.x
[3]	Bearer S L, Linderman M, Huang J et al., 2008. Effects of fuelwood collection and timber harvesting on giant panda habitat use. Biological Conservation, 141(2): 385-393. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2007.10.009
[4]	Cabeza M, Araújo M B, Wilson R J et al., 2004. Combining probabilities of occurrence with spatial reserve design. Journal of Applied Ecology, 41(2), 252-262. doi: 10.1111/j.0021-8901. 2004.00905.x
[5]	Caro T M, O'Doherty G, 1999. On the use of surrogate species in conservation biology. Conservation Biology, 13(4): 805-814. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98338.x
[6]	Cecilia S, Rui F, David D et al., 2007. Modelling bryophyte distribution based on ecological information for extent of occurrence assessment. Biological Conservation, 135(3): 341-351. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2006.10.018
[7]	Elith J, Graham C H, Anderson R P et al., 2006. Novel methods improve prediction of species' distributions from occurrence data. Ecography, 29(2): 129-151. doi: 10.1111/j.2006.0906-7590.04596.x
[8]	Elith J, Phillips S J, Hastie T et al., 2011. A statistical explanation of MaxEnt for ecologists. Diversity and Distributions, 17(1): 43-57. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2010.00725.x
[9]	Favreau J M, Drew C A, Hess G R et al., 2006. Recommendations for assessing the effectiveness of surrogate species approaches. Biodiversity and Conservation, 15(12): 3949-3969. doi: 10.1007/s10531-005-2631-1
[10]	Grantham H S, Pressey R L, Wells J A et al., 2010. Effectiveness of biodiversity surrogates for conservation planning: Different measures of effectiveness generate a kaleidoscope of variation. PLoS ONE, 5(7): e11430. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011430
[11]	Guisan A, Thuiller W, 2005. Predicting species distribution: Offering more than simple habitat models. Ecology Letters, 8(9): 993-1009. doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00792.x
[12]	Guisan A, Zimmermann N E, 2000. Predictive habitat distribution models in ecology. Ecological Modelling, 135(2-3): 147-186. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3800(00)00354-9
[13]	Hanley J A, McNeil B J, 1982. The meaning and use of the area under a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. Radiology, 143(1): 29-36. doi: 10.1.1.139.4820
[14]	He G M, Chen X D, Liu W et al., 2008. Distribution of economic benefits from ecotourism. Environmental Management, 42(6): 1017-1025. doi: 10.1007/s00267-008-9214-3
[15]	Hu Jingchu, 2001. Research on the Giant Panda. Shanghai: Shanghai Science & Technology Education Press, 64-67.
[16]	Hull V, Xu W H, Liu W et al., 2011. Evaluating the efficacy of zoning designations for protected area management. Biological Conservation, 144(12): 3028-3037. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon. 2011.09.007
[17]	Lambeck R J, 1997. Focal species: A multi-species umbrella for nature conservation. Conservation Biology, 11(4): 849-856. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.96319.x
[18]	Li W J, Wang Z J, Ma Z J et al., 1999. Designing the core zone in a biosphere reserve based on suitable habitats: Yancheng Biosphere Reserve and the red crowned crane (Grus japonensis). Biological Conservation, 90(3): 167-173. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00028-2
[19]	Li Xiaowen, Zhang Ling, Fang Jinyun, 2002. Indicator, umbrella and flagship species: The concepts and their applications in conservation biology. Biodiversity Science, 10(1): 72-79. (in Chinese)
[20]	Liang Wei, Zheng Guangmei, Zhang Zhengwang et al., 2003. Habitat use by golden pheasants (Chrysolophus pictus) based on radio-tracking locations. Acta Zoologica Sinica, 49(2): 179-184. (in Chinese)
[21]	Linderman M A, An L, Bearer S et al., 2005. Modeling the spatio-temporal dynamics and interactions of households, landscape, and giant panda habitat. Ecological Modelling, 183(1): 47-65. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2004.07.026
[22]	Liu J, 2010. China' s road to sustainability. Science, 328(5974): 50. doi: 10.1126/science.1186234
[23]	Liu J, Diamond J, 2005. China's environment in a globalizing world—How China and the rest of the world affect each other. Nature, 435: 1179-1186. doi: 10.1038/4351179a
[24]	Liu J, Dunning J B, Pulliam H R, 1995. Potential effects of a forest management plan on Bachman's Sparrows (Aimophila aestivalis): Linking a spatially-explicit model with GIS. Conservation Biology, 9(1): 62-79. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995. 09010062.x
[25]	Liu J, Linderman M, Ouyang Z et al., 2001. Ecological degradation in protected areas: The case of Wolong Nature Reserve for giant pandas. Science, 292(5514): 98-101. doi: 10.1126/science.1058104
[26]	Ma Yiqing, Xu Li, Hu Qinchu, 1998. On the resources and conservation of bears in China. Life Science Research, 2(3): 205-211. (in Chinese)
[27]	Margules C R, Pressey R L, 2000. Systematic conservation planning. Nature, 405: 243-253. doi: 10.1038/35012251
[28]	Ministry of Environmental Protection, the People's Republic of China, 2012. Report on the State of Environment in China 2011. Available at: http://jcs.mep.gov.cn/hjzl/zkgb/2011zkgb/. (in Chinese)
[29]	Ministry of Environmental Protection, the People's Republic of China, 2011. China National Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Action Plan. Beijing: China Environmental Science Press, 1-95. (in Chinese)
[30]	Phillips S J, 2006. Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions. Ecological Modelling, 190(3-4): 231-259. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.03.026
[31]	Phillips S J, Dudik M, 2008. Modeling of species distributions with Maxent: New extensions and a comprehensive evaluation. Ecography, 31(2): 161-175. doi: 10.1111/j.0906-7590.2008. 5203.x
[32]	Rodrigues A S L, Andelman S J, 2004. Effectiveness of the global protected area network in representing species diversity. Nature, 428: 640-643. doi: 10.1038/nature02422
[33]	Schaller G B, Hu J, Pan W et al., 1985. The Giant Pandas of Wolong. Chicago, Illinois, USA: University of Chicago Press, 33-93.
[34]	Shen Dingjian, Zheng Hexun, Wang Yu et al., 2009. Winter habitats of dwarf blue sheep and goal in Batang County, Sichuan. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 29(5): 2320-2330. (in Chinese)
[35]	State Forestry Administration, the People's Republic of China, 2006. The 3rd National Survey Report on Giant Panda in China. Beijing: China Science Press, 292-294. (in Chinese)
[36]	The State Concile of the People's Republic of China, 1994. Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Nature Reserve. Available at: http://www.gov.cn/ziliao/flfg/2005-09/27/content_70636.htm. (in Chinese)
[37]	Tuanmu M N, Viña A, Bearer S et al., 2010. Mapping understory vegetation using phenological characteristics derived from remotely sensed data. Remote Sensing of Environment, 114(8): 1833-1844. doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2010.03.008
[38]	Viña A, Gitelson A A, 2005. New developments in the remote estimation of the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation in crops. Geophysical Research Letters, 32: L17403. doi: 10.1029/2005GL023647
[39]	Viña A, Tuanmu M-N, Xu W et al., 2010. Range-wide analysis of wildlife habitat: Implications for conservation. Biological Conservation, 143(9): 1960-1969. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2010. 04.046
[40]	Viña, A, Bearer S, Zhang H et al., 2008. Evaluating multi-temporal MODIS data for mapping wildlife habitat distribution. Remote Sensing of Environment, 112(5): 2160-2169. doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2007.09.012
[41]	Wang Song, 1998a. China Red Data Book of Endangered- Animals. Beijing: Science Press, 1-95. (in Chinese)
[42]	Wang Song, 1998b. China Red Data Book of Endangered-Birds. Beijing: Science Press, 1-95. (in Chinese)
[43]	Warman L D, Forsyth D M, Sinclair A R E et al., 2004. Species distributions, surrogacy, and important conservation regions in Canada. Ecology Letters, 7(5): 374-379. doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00590.x
[44]	Wei Fuwen, Feng Zuojian, Wang Zuwang, 1999. Habitat selection by giant pandas and red pandas in Xiangling Mountains. Acta Zoologica Sinica, 45(1): 57-63. (in Chinese)
[45]	Williams P, Faith D, Manne L et al., 2006. Complementarity analysis: Mapping the performance of surrogates for biodiversity. Biological Conservation, 128(2): 253-264. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2005.09.047
[46]	Xu W, Ouyang Z, Viña A et al., 2006. Designing a conservation plan for protecting the habitat for giant pandas in the Qionglai Mountain range, China. Diversity and Distributions, 12(5): 610-619. doi: 10.1111/j.1366-9516.2006.00236
[47]	Zeng Zhigao, Zhong Wenqin, Song Yanling et al., 2003. Present status of studies on eco-biology of Takin. Acta Theriologica Sinica, 23(2): 161-167. (in Chinese)
[48]	Zhou Youbin, Zhang Jinshuo, Suo Jianzhong et al., 2005. Capricornis sumatraensis. Chinese Journal of Zoology, 40(5): 84. (in Chinese)

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通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

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沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142

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Evaluating Conservation Effectiveness of Nature Reserves Established for Surrogate Species：Case of a Giant Panda Nature Reserve in Qinling Mountains, China

1. State Key Laboratory of Regional and Urban Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China;

2. Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA;

3. College of Design and Art, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China;

4. World Wide Fund for Nature WWF Xi'an Programme Office, Xi'an 710075, China

Corresponding author: XU Weihua,xuweihua@rcees.ac.cn

Received Date: 2013-04-09

Rev Recd Date: 2013-07-23

Publish Date: 2014-01-06

Key words:

Abstract: Many nature reserves are established to protect the habitat needs of particular endangered species of interest but their effectiveness for protecting other species is questionable. In this study, this effectiveness was evaluated in a nature reserve network located in the Qinling Mountains, Shaanxi Province, China. The network of reserves was established mainly for the conservation of the giant panda, a species considered as a surrogate for the conservation of many other endangered species in the region. The habitat suitability of nine protected species, including the giant panda, was modeled by using Maximum Entropy (MAXENT) and their spatial congruence was analyzed. Habitat suitability of these species was also overlapped with nature reserve boundaries and their management zones (i.e., core, buffer and experimental zones). Results show that in general the habitat of the giant panda constitutes a reasonable surrogate of the habitat of other protected species, and giant panda reserves protect a relatively high proportion of the habitat of other protected species. Therefore, giant panda habitat conservation also allows the conservation of the habitat of other protected species in the region. However, a large area of suitable habitat was excluded from the nature reserve network. In addition, four species exhibited a low proportion of highly suitable habitat inside the core zones of nature reserves. It suggests that a high proportion of suitable habitat of protected species not targeted for conservation is located in the experimental and buffer zones, thus, is being affected by human activities. To increase their conservation effectiveness, nature reserves and their management zones need to be re-examined in order to include suitable habitat of more endangered species. The procedures described in this study can be easily implemented for the conservation of many endangered species not only in China but in many other parts of the world.

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Reference (48)

[1]	Andelman S J, Fagan W F, 2000. Umbrellas and flagships: Efficient conservation surrogates or expensive mistakes? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 97(11): 5954-5959. doi: 10.1073/pnas. 100126797
[2]	Andelman S J, Willig M R, 2003. Present patterns and future prospects for biodiversity in the western Hemisphere. Ecology Letters, 6(9), 818-824. doi: 10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00503.x
[3]	Bearer S L, Linderman M, Huang J et al., 2008. Effects of fuelwood collection and timber harvesting on giant panda habitat use. Biological Conservation, 141(2): 385-393. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2007.10.009
[4]	Cabeza M, Araújo M B, Wilson R J et al., 2004. Combining probabilities of occurrence with spatial reserve design. Journal of Applied Ecology, 41(2), 252-262. doi: 10.1111/j.0021-8901. 2004.00905.x
[5]	Caro T M, O'Doherty G, 1999. On the use of surrogate species in conservation biology. Conservation Biology, 13(4): 805-814. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98338.x
[6]	Cecilia S, Rui F, David D et al., 2007. Modelling bryophyte distribution based on ecological information for extent of occurrence assessment. Biological Conservation, 135(3): 341-351. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2006.10.018
[7]	Elith J, Graham C H, Anderson R P et al., 2006. Novel methods improve prediction of species' distributions from occurrence data. Ecography, 29(2): 129-151. doi: 10.1111/j.2006.0906-7590.04596.x
[8]	Elith J, Phillips S J, Hastie T et al., 2011. A statistical explanation of MaxEnt for ecologists. Diversity and Distributions, 17(1): 43-57. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2010.00725.x
[9]	Favreau J M, Drew C A, Hess G R et al., 2006. Recommendations for assessing the effectiveness of surrogate species approaches. Biodiversity and Conservation, 15(12): 3949-3969. doi: 10.1007/s10531-005-2631-1
[10]	Grantham H S, Pressey R L, Wells J A et al., 2010. Effectiveness of biodiversity surrogates for conservation planning: Different measures of effectiveness generate a kaleidoscope of variation. PLoS ONE, 5(7): e11430. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011430
[11]	Guisan A, Thuiller W, 2005. Predicting species distribution: Offering more than simple habitat models. Ecology Letters, 8(9): 993-1009. doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00792.x
[12]	Guisan A, Zimmermann N E, 2000. Predictive habitat distribution models in ecology. Ecological Modelling, 135(2-3): 147-186. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3800(00)00354-9
[13]	Hanley J A, McNeil B J, 1982. The meaning and use of the area under a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. Radiology, 143(1): 29-36. doi: 10.1.1.139.4820
[14]	He G M, Chen X D, Liu W et al., 2008. Distribution of economic benefits from ecotourism. Environmental Management, 42(6): 1017-1025. doi: 10.1007/s00267-008-9214-3
[15]	Hu Jingchu, 2001. Research on the Giant Panda. Shanghai: Shanghai Science & Technology Education Press, 64-67.
[16]	Hull V, Xu W H, Liu W et al., 2011. Evaluating the efficacy of zoning designations for protected area management. Biological Conservation, 144(12): 3028-3037. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon. 2011.09.007
[17]	Lambeck R J, 1997. Focal species: A multi-species umbrella for nature conservation. Conservation Biology, 11(4): 849-856. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.96319.x
[18]	Li W J, Wang Z J, Ma Z J et al., 1999. Designing the core zone in a biosphere reserve based on suitable habitats: Yancheng Biosphere Reserve and the red crowned crane (Grus japonensis). Biological Conservation, 90(3): 167-173. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00028-2
[19]	Li Xiaowen, Zhang Ling, Fang Jinyun, 2002. Indicator, umbrella and flagship species: The concepts and their applications in conservation biology. Biodiversity Science, 10(1): 72-79. (in Chinese)
[20]	Liang Wei, Zheng Guangmei, Zhang Zhengwang et al., 2003. Habitat use by golden pheasants (Chrysolophus pictus) based on radio-tracking locations. Acta Zoologica Sinica, 49(2): 179-184. (in Chinese)
[21]	Linderman M A, An L, Bearer S et al., 2005. Modeling the spatio-temporal dynamics and interactions of households, landscape, and giant panda habitat. Ecological Modelling, 183(1): 47-65. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2004.07.026
[22]	Liu J, 2010. China' s road to sustainability. Science, 328(5974): 50. doi: 10.1126/science.1186234
[23]	Liu J, Diamond J, 2005. China's environment in a globalizing world—How China and the rest of the world affect each other. Nature, 435: 1179-1186. doi: 10.1038/4351179a
[24]	Liu J, Dunning J B, Pulliam H R, 1995. Potential effects of a forest management plan on Bachman's Sparrows (Aimophila aestivalis): Linking a spatially-explicit model with GIS. Conservation Biology, 9(1): 62-79. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995. 09010062.x
[25]	Liu J, Linderman M, Ouyang Z et al., 2001. Ecological degradation in protected areas: The case of Wolong Nature Reserve for giant pandas. Science, 292(5514): 98-101. doi: 10.1126/science.1058104
[26]	Ma Yiqing, Xu Li, Hu Qinchu, 1998. On the resources and conservation of bears in China. Life Science Research, 2(3): 205-211. (in Chinese)
[27]	Margules C R, Pressey R L, 2000. Systematic conservation planning. Nature, 405: 243-253. doi: 10.1038/35012251
[28]	Ministry of Environmental Protection, the People's Republic of China, 2012. Report on the State of Environment in China 2011. Available at: http://jcs.mep.gov.cn/hjzl/zkgb/2011zkgb/. (in Chinese)
[29]	Ministry of Environmental Protection, the People's Republic of China, 2011. China National Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Action Plan. Beijing: China Environmental Science Press, 1-95. (in Chinese)
[30]	Phillips S J, 2006. Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions. Ecological Modelling, 190(3-4): 231-259. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.03.026
[31]	Phillips S J, Dudik M, 2008. Modeling of species distributions with Maxent: New extensions and a comprehensive evaluation. Ecography, 31(2): 161-175. doi: 10.1111/j.0906-7590.2008. 5203.x
[32]	Rodrigues A S L, Andelman S J, 2004. Effectiveness of the global protected area network in representing species diversity. Nature, 428: 640-643. doi: 10.1038/nature02422
[33]	Schaller G B, Hu J, Pan W et al., 1985. The Giant Pandas of Wolong. Chicago, Illinois, USA: University of Chicago Press, 33-93.
[34]	Shen Dingjian, Zheng Hexun, Wang Yu et al., 2009. Winter habitats of dwarf blue sheep and goal in Batang County, Sichuan. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 29(5): 2320-2330. (in Chinese)
[35]	State Forestry Administration, the People's Republic of China, 2006. The 3rd National Survey Report on Giant Panda in China. Beijing: China Science Press, 292-294. (in Chinese)
[36]	The State Concile of the People's Republic of China, 1994. Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Nature Reserve. Available at: http://www.gov.cn/ziliao/flfg/2005-09/27/content_70636.htm. (in Chinese)
[37]	Tuanmu M N, Viña A, Bearer S et al., 2010. Mapping understory vegetation using phenological characteristics derived from remotely sensed data. Remote Sensing of Environment, 114(8): 1833-1844. doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2010.03.008
[38]	Viña A, Gitelson A A, 2005. New developments in the remote estimation of the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation in crops. Geophysical Research Letters, 32: L17403. doi: 10.1029/2005GL023647
[39]	Viña A, Tuanmu M-N, Xu W et al., 2010. Range-wide analysis of wildlife habitat: Implications for conservation. Biological Conservation, 143(9): 1960-1969. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2010. 04.046
[40]	Viña, A, Bearer S, Zhang H et al., 2008. Evaluating multi-temporal MODIS data for mapping wildlife habitat distribution. Remote Sensing of Environment, 112(5): 2160-2169. doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2007.09.012
[41]	Wang Song, 1998a. China Red Data Book of Endangered- Animals. Beijing: Science Press, 1-95. (in Chinese)
[42]	Wang Song, 1998b. China Red Data Book of Endangered-Birds. Beijing: Science Press, 1-95. (in Chinese)
[43]	Warman L D, Forsyth D M, Sinclair A R E et al., 2004. Species distributions, surrogacy, and important conservation regions in Canada. Ecology Letters, 7(5): 374-379. doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00590.x
[44]	Wei Fuwen, Feng Zuojian, Wang Zuwang, 1999. Habitat selection by giant pandas and red pandas in Xiangling Mountains. Acta Zoologica Sinica, 45(1): 57-63. (in Chinese)
[45]	Williams P, Faith D, Manne L et al., 2006. Complementarity analysis: Mapping the performance of surrogates for biodiversity. Biological Conservation, 128(2): 253-264. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2005.09.047
[46]	Xu W, Ouyang Z, Viña A et al., 2006. Designing a conservation plan for protecting the habitat for giant pandas in the Qionglai Mountain range, China. Diversity and Distributions, 12(5): 610-619. doi: 10.1111/j.1366-9516.2006.00236
[47]	Zeng Zhigao, Zhong Wenqin, Song Yanling et al., 2003. Present status of studies on eco-biology of Takin. Acta Theriologica Sinica, 23(2): 161-167. (in Chinese)
[48]	Zhou Youbin, Zhang Jinshuo, Suo Jianzhong et al., 2005. Capricornis sumatraensis. Chinese Journal of Zoology, 40(5): 84. (in Chinese)

Evaluating Conservation Effectiveness of Nature Reserves Established for Surrogate Species：Case of a Giant Panda Nature Reserve in Qinling Mountains, China

doi: 10.1007/s11769-014-0656-7

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