1997 Vol. 7, No. 2
Display Method:
1997, 7(2): 97-105.
Abstract:
This paper discuses four stem difficulties and challenges faced by the development of grain production in China. According to the basic national conditions of China and the amount of grain resources in the world market, China must meet the grain demands mainly by her own domestic production. Using the input-occupancy-output techniques and system science methods, this paper makes a forecast about China's grain output, gr3irt import and self-support rate in the year 2030.
This paper discuses four stem difficulties and challenges faced by the development of grain production in China. According to the basic national conditions of China and the amount of grain resources in the world market, China must meet the grain demands mainly by her own domestic production. Using the input-occupancy-output techniques and system science methods, this paper makes a forecast about China's grain output, gr3irt import and self-support rate in the year 2030.
1997, 7(2): 106-114.
Abstract:
The formation and enlargement of Economic development differences among the eastern, the central and the western parts① in China are resulted from long-time evolution of comprehensive effects of historical, natural and social factors. Contemporary unbalance of regional economic development enlarges the differences of ecnomic grades in the three parts of China. It is a good way for the western China to carry out the strategy of overall opening to outside world, but it should emphasize to connect with the Pacific Area and the eastern and central parts of China. Meantime, it is not negligent for the western part to accelerate the construction of traffic vein connecting the western part with the eastern part.
The formation and enlargement of Economic development differences among the eastern, the central and the western parts① in China are resulted from long-time evolution of comprehensive effects of historical, natural and social factors. Contemporary unbalance of regional economic development enlarges the differences of ecnomic grades in the three parts of China. It is a good way for the western China to carry out the strategy of overall opening to outside world, but it should emphasize to connect with the Pacific Area and the eastern and central parts of China. Meantime, it is not negligent for the western part to accelerate the construction of traffic vein connecting the western part with the eastern part.
1997, 7(2): 115-123.
Abstract:
This Paper focuses on the formation of Pan-Asian trunk railway netWork. Pan-Asian trunk railways will be composed of two railway systems; one is the railway system linking up railways of 19 countries in Middle East, South Asia and Southeast Asia; the other is the cooperative railways system between countries. To realize Chinese railway network connecting with the railway networks of Eurasian countries is the prerequisite and guarantee for developing socialist market economy. The present transport capacity and the overall network level are too low to connect with Pan-Asian railway network, for example, the density of railway networks is low, the structure of airway networks is backward, the distribution of railway networks is unbalanced, etc. In order to match Pan-Asian trunk railway network, China must speed up railway construction, open some new ports, construct railway thoroughfare passing through China and neighboring countries
This Paper focuses on the formation of Pan-Asian trunk railway netWork. Pan-Asian trunk railways will be composed of two railway systems; one is the railway system linking up railways of 19 countries in Middle East, South Asia and Southeast Asia; the other is the cooperative railways system between countries. To realize Chinese railway network connecting with the railway networks of Eurasian countries is the prerequisite and guarantee for developing socialist market economy. The present transport capacity and the overall network level are too low to connect with Pan-Asian railway network, for example, the density of railway networks is low, the structure of airway networks is backward, the distribution of railway networks is unbalanced, etc. In order to match Pan-Asian trunk railway network, China must speed up railway construction, open some new ports, construct railway thoroughfare passing through China and neighboring countries
1997, 7(2): 124-129.
Abstract:
Based on the radiation data from 14 representive stations from 1986 to 1990 and the distribution situations of vegetetion and soil, come new characteristics of surface albedo in China are analysed. In different regions, surface albedo is different due to difference of surface features. Even though in the same region, surface albedo varies with seasonal variation. However, in the seasons and regions without snow cover, the long-term and interannual variation of surface albedo is not obvious.On the viewpoint of climate, the values of surface albedo mainly depend on whether there is snow cover or not. The interannual variation of surface albedo is greater to the north of 50°N, with a variation range of 5%. The influences of geographical conditions, such as latitude, elevation and air pollution, are also analysed.
Based on the radiation data from 14 representive stations from 1986 to 1990 and the distribution situations of vegetetion and soil, come new characteristics of surface albedo in China are analysed. In different regions, surface albedo is different due to difference of surface features. Even though in the same region, surface albedo varies with seasonal variation. However, in the seasons and regions without snow cover, the long-term and interannual variation of surface albedo is not obvious.On the viewpoint of climate, the values of surface albedo mainly depend on whether there is snow cover or not. The interannual variation of surface albedo is greater to the north of 50°N, with a variation range of 5%. The influences of geographical conditions, such as latitude, elevation and air pollution, are also analysed.
1997, 7(2): 130-139.
Abstract:
Two hundred and thirty-five samples collected from Weinan loess section (L2-S0)have analyzed by TOC (total organic carbon) and pyrolysis hydrocarbons. The curve of TOC with depth has ho set up and compared well with other climatic markers. The main periods of TOC variation of the last 0. 14 Ma are 67.08 ka and 18.29 ka, which is near with the periods of the variation of sunshine, showing that the TOC variation may be controlled by the variation of 65°N sunshine. The distribution of pyrolysis hydrocarbon and its parameters shows that there are two kinds of hydrocarbon associated with climatic change. One is called hydrocarbon pyrolysted directly from organism (pHC2-1) which is in the range of Tmax350℃-500℃, and associated with atmospheric water. The other is called carbonate inclusion inclusion (pHC2-2) which is in the range of Tmax 500℃-600℃ and formed by evaporation and associated with dry climate. The formula calculating humidity has been deduced Og = pHC2-1/(pHC2-1 + pHC2-2). The range of humidity of the section is 47%-77% and the reducing is S1-3, S1-2, S0, S1-1, S1-4, S1-2, L1-1, L1-3, and L1-5. And the trend of the humidity is still increasing today.
Two hundred and thirty-five samples collected from Weinan loess section (L2-S0)have analyzed by TOC (total organic carbon) and pyrolysis hydrocarbons. The curve of TOC with depth has ho set up and compared well with other climatic markers. The main periods of TOC variation of the last 0. 14 Ma are 67.08 ka and 18.29 ka, which is near with the periods of the variation of sunshine, showing that the TOC variation may be controlled by the variation of 65°N sunshine. The distribution of pyrolysis hydrocarbon and its parameters shows that there are two kinds of hydrocarbon associated with climatic change. One is called hydrocarbon pyrolysted directly from organism (pHC2-1) which is in the range of Tmax350℃-500℃, and associated with atmospheric water. The other is called carbonate inclusion inclusion (pHC2-2) which is in the range of Tmax 500℃-600℃ and formed by evaporation and associated with dry climate. The formula calculating humidity has been deduced Og = pHC2-1/(pHC2-1 + pHC2-2). The range of humidity of the section is 47%-77% and the reducing is S1-3, S1-2, S0, S1-1, S1-4, S1-2, L1-1, L1-3, and L1-5. And the trend of the humidity is still increasing today.
1997, 7(2): 140-148.
Abstract:
The processes of water resources exploitation and utilization can be divided into three stages by water resources transformation, and the history, present situation and future trend of water resources development in piedmont areas around high mountains of arid northwestern China. The three stages are: the stage of surface water development (the first stage), the stage of comprehensive development of surface and ground water (the second stage) and the stage of economical development of water rare (the third stage). The three stages link each other and show the law and processes of water resources exploitation and utilization associated with social and technological progess. The economical water policy should run through the three stages. On this point, however, the third stage differs from the others, particularly, refering to irrigated agriculture. The third stage has more progressive significance because it breaks the traditional ideas on water resources development. According to our investigation and calculation, under present conditions of water resources development, the net used water is about 160 × 108 m3, accounting for 18% of the total water resources of northwestern China. The water resources have not ben fully develop. If the first stage is finished, the exploitable water can be increased by 91%. After the second stage, furthermore, it can be increased by 216%.
The processes of water resources exploitation and utilization can be divided into three stages by water resources transformation, and the history, present situation and future trend of water resources development in piedmont areas around high mountains of arid northwestern China. The three stages are: the stage of surface water development (the first stage), the stage of comprehensive development of surface and ground water (the second stage) and the stage of economical development of water rare (the third stage). The three stages link each other and show the law and processes of water resources exploitation and utilization associated with social and technological progess. The economical water policy should run through the three stages. On this point, however, the third stage differs from the others, particularly, refering to irrigated agriculture. The third stage has more progressive significance because it breaks the traditional ideas on water resources development. According to our investigation and calculation, under present conditions of water resources development, the net used water is about 160 × 108 m3, accounting for 18% of the total water resources of northwestern China. The water resources have not ben fully develop. If the first stage is finished, the exploitable water can be increased by 91%. After the second stage, furthermore, it can be increased by 216%.
1997, 7(2): 149-156.
Abstract:
Aimed at promoting regional editions and expanding the approach to economic links,this Paper puts forward some new concepts such as link intensity and receiving coefficinet, exounds expounds the indexes of quantitative analysis of economic links and establishes the quantitative-analysis model of economic links. With help of the model, this paper calculates the values of the link intensities between Su-Xi-Chang (Suzhou-Wuxi-Changzhou) region and Shanghai, and analyzes the regional difference of the economic links.
Aimed at promoting regional editions and expanding the approach to economic links,this Paper puts forward some new concepts such as link intensity and receiving coefficinet, exounds expounds the indexes of quantitative analysis of economic links and establishes the quantitative-analysis model of economic links. With help of the model, this paper calculates the values of the link intensities between Su-Xi-Chang (Suzhou-Wuxi-Changzhou) region and Shanghai, and analyzes the regional difference of the economic links.
1997, 7(2): 157-174.
Abstract:
The cooperative Russian-Chinese morphostructural investigations have been carried out during the last several years along the transregional fault zone-Songhua-Huanghe Lineament, which is stretching from the lower Huanghe (Yellow) River across the Bohai Sea to Liaohe-Songhua and further along the lower Amur River to North Sakhalin (more than 3000 km). It is the wide fault zone (some hundred km) that has been created in Paleozoic or Precambrian. The series of morphostrucures of central type (MCF) or "ring-morphostructures" have been identified here. They are from 500-800 km to 20-30 km in diameter, and have different structure, age, origin, morphology and geological history. MCT are principal modern structural elements of the earth's crust and the study on them are producing new geological-geomorphological data and new ideas about structure and evolution of the region. MCT was created in Precambrain-Phanerozoic and experienced repeatedly tectonic-magmatic activation during their long-term history. Amur -Songhua-Huanghe Lineament is a seismic active linear structure both in China and in Russia, especially in the areas of intersections with deep faults of gigantic MCT of East Asia. The authors propose that a continental margin extension process, continuing from Paleozoic (Precambrian?) is a major factor in the morphostructural development of the Amur-Songhua-Huanghe Lineament. The received materials may be used for investigations in prospecting geology and geomorphology, studies on natural resources and for decision of other applied problems.
The cooperative Russian-Chinese morphostructural investigations have been carried out during the last several years along the transregional fault zone-Songhua-Huanghe Lineament, which is stretching from the lower Huanghe (Yellow) River across the Bohai Sea to Liaohe-Songhua and further along the lower Amur River to North Sakhalin (more than 3000 km). It is the wide fault zone (some hundred km) that has been created in Paleozoic or Precambrian. The series of morphostrucures of central type (MCF) or "ring-morphostructures" have been identified here. They are from 500-800 km to 20-30 km in diameter, and have different structure, age, origin, morphology and geological history. MCT are principal modern structural elements of the earth's crust and the study on them are producing new geological-geomorphological data and new ideas about structure and evolution of the region. MCT was created in Precambrain-Phanerozoic and experienced repeatedly tectonic-magmatic activation during their long-term history. Amur -Songhua-Huanghe Lineament is a seismic active linear structure both in China and in Russia, especially in the areas of intersections with deep faults of gigantic MCT of East Asia. The authors propose that a continental margin extension process, continuing from Paleozoic (Precambrian?) is a major factor in the morphostructural development of the Amur-Songhua-Huanghe Lineament. The received materials may be used for investigations in prospecting geology and geomorphology, studies on natural resources and for decision of other applied problems.
1997, 7(2): 175-179.
Abstract:
The Sanjinag Plain of China is a low plain. Its total area is 10. 89 × 104 km2 and marsh area takes up 10. 20%. Marsh is a kind of vegetation type with strong carbon-fixing ability among the terrestrial areystam and carbon cycle performing in the form of carbon dioxide. This paper discusses the fixation of atmospheric CO2 by marsh plant; the transfer of carbon from marsh to atmosphere; the change of CO2 and vertical transfer of CO2 near atmosphere of the earth; the carbon floW among marsh plants, soil and atmosphere. Some scientific data about the biological production, carbon content of marsh plants and the capacity for releasing and fixing are used to explain the carbon cycle of marsh in the Sanjiang Plain.
The Sanjinag Plain of China is a low plain. Its total area is 10. 89 × 104 km2 and marsh area takes up 10. 20%. Marsh is a kind of vegetation type with strong carbon-fixing ability among the terrestrial areystam and carbon cycle performing in the form of carbon dioxide. This paper discusses the fixation of atmospheric CO2 by marsh plant; the transfer of carbon from marsh to atmosphere; the change of CO2 and vertical transfer of CO2 near atmosphere of the earth; the carbon floW among marsh plants, soil and atmosphere. Some scientific data about the biological production, carbon content of marsh plants and the capacity for releasing and fixing are used to explain the carbon cycle of marsh in the Sanjiang Plain.
1997, 7(2): 180-190.
Abstract:
The Gongwang Mountains is situated in the northeast part of Yunnan Plovince. In the mountain, glaciation once occirred above 3100 m a. s. l. in the Quaiernary. The typical glacial remains are mainly concentrated in Jiaozishan-and Yaojingtang-Niudongping area. The glacial landforms were mainly cirque, trough valley and lateral moraine. Glacial type was alpine cirque glacier and according to morphogenetic relation of the glacial landforms, the Quaternary glaciation should be separated into two periods: last glaciation (containing two stages of late and maximum glaciation) and penultimate in the Gongwang Mountain in northeast part of Yunnan Province of China.
The Gongwang Mountains is situated in the northeast part of Yunnan Plovince. In the mountain, glaciation once occirred above 3100 m a. s. l. in the Quaiernary. The typical glacial remains are mainly concentrated in Jiaozishan-and Yaojingtang-Niudongping area. The glacial landforms were mainly cirque, trough valley and lateral moraine. Glacial type was alpine cirque glacier and according to morphogenetic relation of the glacial landforms, the Quaternary glaciation should be separated into two periods: last glaciation (containing two stages of late and maximum glaciation) and penultimate in the Gongwang Mountain in northeast part of Yunnan Province of China.
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