Analysis of Social and Psychological Terrain of Bank Erosion Victims: A Study Along the Bhagirathi River, West Bengal, India

Aznarul ISLAM; Sanat Kumar GUCHHAIT

doi:10.1007/s11769-018-0937-7

Analysis of Social and Psychological Terrain of Bank Erosion Victims: A Study Along the Bhagirathi River, West Bengal, India

doi: 10.1007/s11769-018-0937-7

Aznarul ISLAM^1,,
Sanat Kumar GUCHHAIT²

1.
Department of Geography, Aliah University, Kolkata 700014, India;
2.
Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, India

详细信息

通讯作者:
Aznarul ISLAM.E-mail:aznarulislam@gmail.com

Analysis of Social and Psychological Terrain of Bank Erosion Victims: A Study Along the Bhagirathi River, West Bengal, India

Aznarul ISLAM^1
,,
Sanat Kumar GUCHHAIT²

1.
Department of Geography, Aliah University, Kolkata 700014, India;
2.
Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, India

More Information

Corresponding author: 10.1007/s11769-018-0937-7

摘要: Social psychology of people affected by hazards is different from normal psychology. For example, severe bank erosion in the lower reach of the Bhagirathi River in West Bengal has resulted in significant land loss (~60% of all households lost land over last 20 years) and affected the livelihoods of the people in the study villages along the river. Per capita income has almost halved from 1970-2012 due to land loss. This stark nature of land erosion and vulnerability of livelihood has had far-reaching repercussions on the fabric of society and the psychology of the people in this region. Results showed that erosion-affected villages have registered comparatively larger average family sizes (~4.1 as compared to ~3.9 in non-affected villages), lower literacy levels (< 50% compared to > 65% for the non-affected villages), and poor health. Reports of poor health as a result of land erosion include~60% of the respondents having reported physical ailments such as headache and abdominal discomfort, as well as 3%-5% reporting loss of emotional and psychological balance. Villages suffering from erosion showed higher positive loadings in average-coefficient of variation (CV) differential (25%-40%) depicting objectivity in their opinions for select variables of social processes. Principal component analysis (PCA) portrayed maximum eigenvalues in the first principal component for interpersonal processes (~98%) and a minimum for intergroup processes (~80%). Categorical principal component analysis (CATPCA) depicted a cluster between interpersonal and intergroup processes and another between intra-individual and group categories. The positive loadings in female-male differences in CV of perceptions portrayed relative consistency of males over the females concerning fear/phobia and physical stress while negative loadings exhibited higher consistency for females regarding psychological stress and shock. Lastly, the Tajfel matrix portrayed a distinction between hazard psychology characterized by maximum joint profit as found in Rukunpur, and normal psychology characterized by in-group favoritism as found in Matiari.
- social terrain /
- psychological terrain /
- riverbank erosion /
- principal component analysis /
- Tajfel matrix /
- Bhagirathi River
Abstract: Social psychology of people affected by hazards is different from normal psychology. For example, severe bank erosion in the lower reach of the Bhagirathi River in West Bengal has resulted in significant land loss (~60% of all households lost land over last 20 years) and affected the livelihoods of the people in the study villages along the river. Per capita income has almost halved from 1970-2012 due to land loss. This stark nature of land erosion and vulnerability of livelihood has had far-reaching repercussions on the fabric of society and the psychology of the people in this region. Results showed that erosion-affected villages have registered comparatively larger average family sizes (~4.1 as compared to ~3.9 in non-affected villages), lower literacy levels (< 50% compared to > 65% for the non-affected villages), and poor health. Reports of poor health as a result of land erosion include~60% of the respondents having reported physical ailments such as headache and abdominal discomfort, as well as 3%-5% reporting loss of emotional and psychological balance. Villages suffering from erosion showed higher positive loadings in average-coefficient of variation (CV) differential (25%-40%) depicting objectivity in their opinions for select variables of social processes. Principal component analysis (PCA) portrayed maximum eigenvalues in the first principal component for interpersonal processes (~98%) and a minimum for intergroup processes (~80%). Categorical principal component analysis (CATPCA) depicted a cluster between interpersonal and intergroup processes and another between intra-individual and group categories. The positive loadings in female-male differences in CV of perceptions portrayed relative consistency of males over the females concerning fear/phobia and physical stress while negative loadings exhibited higher consistency for females regarding psychological stress and shock. Lastly, the Tajfel matrix portrayed a distinction between hazard psychology characterized by maximum joint profit as found in Rukunpur, and normal psychology characterized by in-group favoritism as found in Matiari.
- social terrain /
- psychological terrain /
- riverbank erosion /
- principal component analysis /
- Tajfel matrix /
- Bhagirathi River

[1]	Allport G W, 1985. The historical background of social psychology. In Lindzey G and Aronson E (eds). The Handbook of Social Psychology. 3rd ed. New York:Random House.
[2]	Anderson C, Hildreth J A, Howland L, 2015. Is the desire for status a fundamental human motive? A review of the empirical literature. Psychological Bulletin, 141(3):574-601. doi:10. 1037/a0038781
[3]	Baki A T M A, 2014. Socio-economic Impacts of Gorai Riverbank Erosion on People:A Case Study of Kumarkhali, Kushtia. Dhaka:BRAC University.
[4]	Bandyopadhyay S, 1996. Location of the Adi Ganga palaeochannel, South 24 Parganas, West Bengal:a review. Geographical Review of India, 58(2):93-109. Avialable at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283584216_Location_of_the_Adi_Ganga_palaeochannel_South_24_Parganas_West_Bengal_A_review
[5]	Banerjee M, 1999. A Report on the Impact of Farakka Barrage on the Human Fabric:A Study of the Upstream and Downstream Areas of Farakka Barrage. New Delhi:South Asisan Network on Dams, Rivers and People.
[6]	Bardis P D, 1979. Social interaction and social processes. Social Science, 54(3):147-167. Aviable at:http://www.leedugatkin.com/files/2214/1304/6015/Bardis.pdf
[7]	Beck U, 1992. Risk Society:Towards a New Modernity. London:Sage Publications.
[8]	Bhasin H, 2016. Change in family structure in the modern times. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 3(4):124-137. Avaible at:http://www.ijip.in/Archive/v3i4/18.01.169.20160304.pdf
[9]	Biswas M, Biswas A, 2014. Impact of feeder canal on channel morphology a case study between Guptipara and Payradanga, West Bengal, India. International Journal of Advanced Information Science and Technology, 3(10):153-162. doi: 10.15693/ijaist/2014.v3i10.153-162
[10]	Bourhis R Y, Gagnon A, 2003. Social orientations in the minimal group paradigm. In:Brown R and Gaertner S L (eds). Blackwell Handbook of Social Psychology:Intergroup Processes. Malden:Blackwell Publishing. doi:10.1002/97804 70693421.ch5
[11]	Brown R, Gaertner S, 2003. Blackwell Handbook of Social Psychology:Intergroup Processes. Massachusetts:Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
[12]	Burrus J, Roberts R D, 2012. Dropping Out of High School:Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Remediation Strategies. Aviable at:https://www.ets.org/Media/Research/pdf/RD_Connections18.pdf
[13]	Census of India, 2001. District Census Handbook, Nadia. Se-ries-20, Part XⅡ-A, Village and Town DIRECTORY. Kolkata:Directorate of Census Operation, West Bengal
[14]	Census of India, 2011. District Census Handbook, Nadia. Se-ries-20, Part XⅡ-A, Village and Town DIRECTORY. Kolkata:Directorate of Census Operation, West Bengal.
[15]	Chatterjee S N, 1989. River System of West Bengal. Kolkata:River Research Institute, Government of West Bengal.
[16]	Colebrooke R H, 1801. On the courses of the Ganges through Bengal. Asiatic Researchers, 7:1-31.
[17]	Das T K, Haldar S K, Gupta I D et al., 2014. River bank erosion induced human displacement and its consequences. Living Re-views in Landscape Research, 8 (3):1-35. doi: 10.12942/lrlr-2014-3
[18]	Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2005. Designing Household Survey Samples:Practical Guidelines. Studies in Methods, Series F No. 98. New York:Statistics Division, United Nations. Available via https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/surveys/Handbook23June05.pdf
[19]	Edgar D, 2004. Globalization and western bias in family sociology. In Richard M (dds.). The Blackwell Companion to the So-ciology of Families. Malden, MA:Oxford University Press.
[20]	Fletcher G J O, Clark M S, 2003. Blackwell Handbook of Social Psychology:Interpersonal Processes. Massachusetts:Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
[21]	Ghosh S K, Sanyal T, Bhattacharyya R, 2016. Designing and engineering of jute geotextile (JGT) for river bank protection and its subsequent implementation in River Phulahar. Journal of Natural Fibers, 13(2):192-203. doi:10.1080/15440478. 2015.1004393
[22]	Giddens A, 1999a. Risk and responsibility. Modern Law Review, 62(1):1-10. doi: 10.1111/1468-2230.00188
[23]	Giddens A, 1999b. Runaway World:How Globalization is Reshaping Our Lives. 2nd ed. London:Routledge.
[24]	Guchhait S K, Islam A, Ghosh S et al., 2016. Role of hydrological regime and floodplain sediments in channel instability of the Bhagirathi River, Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta, India. Physical Geography, 37(6):476-510. doi:10.1080/02723646.2016. 1230986
[25]	Hammond R J, 2010. Sociology of the Family. Avialable at:http://pinxit.com/iframe-6/page108/downloads-4/files/Sociology-of-the-family.pdf.pdf
[26]	Haque C E, 1997. Hazards in A Fickle Environment:Bangladesh. Netherlands:Springer.
[27]	Hariharan R, 2014. A study on women farmer's paticipation in agriculture extention activities in Vavuniya District, Sri Lanka. International Journal of Novel Research in Civil Structural and Earth Sciences, 1(1):1-9. Available at:http://www.noveltyjournals.com/download.php?file=A%20STUDY%20ON%20WOMEN%20FARMERS-60.pdf&act=book
[28]	Hassan M, 2015. Impact of Riverbank Erosion on the Elderly:A Study on a Coastal District of Bangladesh. Dhaka:Institute of Social Welfare & Research, University of Dhaka.
[29]	Hess U, Senécal S, Kirouac G et al., 2000. Emotional expressivity in men and women:stereotypes and self-perceptions. Cognition and Emotion, 14(5):609-642. doi: 10.1080/02699930050117648
[30]	Hirst M F C, 1915. Report on the Nadia Rivers, Reprinted in Rivers of Bengal (Vol. 3). Calcutta:West Bengal District Gazetteers, Department of Higher Education-2002.
[31]	Hodgson G M, 2006. What are institutions? Journal of Economic Issues, 40(1):1-25. doi: 10.1080/00213624.2006.11506879
[32]	Hogg M A, Tindale S, 2001. Blackwell Handbook of Social Psychology:Group Processes. Massachusetts:Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
[33]	Hossain M, 1993. Economic effects of riverbank erosion:some evidence from Bangladesh. Disasrers, 17(1):25-32. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7717.1993.tb00485.x
[34]	Islam A, Guchhait S K, 2017. Search for social justice for the victims of erosion hazard along the banks of river Bhagirathi by hydraulic control:a case study of West Bengal, India. En-vironment, Development and Sustainability, 19 (2):433-459. doi: 10.1007/s10668-015-9739-6
[35]	Islam A, Laskar N, Ghosh P 2012. An areal variation of fluvial hazard perceptions of various social groups-A perspective from Rural West Bengal, India. Indian Streams Research Journal, 2(9):1-9.
[36]	Kates R W, 1962. Hazard and Choice Perception in Flood Plain Management. Paper 78. Chicago, IL:Department of Geogra-phy, University of Chicago
[37]	Komac B, Ciglic R, Erhartic B et al., 2010. Risk Education and Natural Hazards. CapHaz-Net WP6 Report. Ljubljana:An-ton-Melik Geographical Institute of the Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts. Avail-able at:http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.455.6872&rep=rep1&type=pdf
[38]	Lanjouw P, Ravallion M, 1995. Poverty and household size. The Economic Journal, 105(433):1415-1434. doi: 10.2307/2235108
[39]	Lima B, Pai S, Santacruz H et al., 1991. Psychiatric disorders among poor victims following a major disaster:Armero, Colombia. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 179(7):420-427.
[40]	Logue J N, Hansen H, Struening E, 1979. Emotional and physical distress following hurricane Agnes in the Wyoming Valley of Pennsylvania. Public Health Reports, 94(6):495-502. Available at:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1431750/pdf/pubhealthrep00132-0005.pdf
[41]	Mamun M Z, 1996. Awareness, preparedness and adjustment measures of river-bank erosion-prone people:a case study. Disasters, 20(1):68-74. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1996. tb00516.x
[42]	Moser S C, 2013. Navigating the political and emotional terrain of adaptation:community engagement when climate change comes home. In Moser S C (eds). Successful Adaptation to Climate Change:Linking Science and Policy in a Rapidly Changing World. London:Routledge, 289-305. Available at: http://susannemoser.com/documents/Moser_Navigatingtheterrainofadaptation_prepub_final_001.pdf
[43]	Mukherjee R K, 1938. The Changing Face of Bengal:A Study of Riverine Economy. Calcutta:Calcutta University.
[44]	Mutton D, Haque C E, 2004. Human vulnerability, dislocation and resettlement:adaptation processes of river-bank erosion-induced displacees in Bangladesh. Disasters, 28(1):41-62. doi: 10.1111/j.0361-3666.2004.00242.x
[45]	Parkins R, 2012. Gender and emotional expressiveness:an analysis of prosodic features in emotional expression. Griffith Working Papers in Pragmatics and Intercultural Communication, 5(1):46-54. Avialbe at:https://www.griffith.edu.au/_data/assets/pdf_file/0006/456459/Paper-6-Parkins-Gender-and-Emotional-Expressiveness_final.pdf
[46]	Parua P K, 2009. The Ganga:Water Use in the Indian Subcontinent. Netherlands:Springer.
[47]	Proctor J D, Smith D M, 1999. Geography and Ethics:Journeys in a Moral Terrain. London:Routledge.
[48]	Prodanciuc R, 2012. Social institutions. Annals of the University of Petrosani, Economics, 12(2):236-243. Aviabalbe at:http://www.upet.ro/annals/economics/pdf/2012/part2/Prodanciuc.pdf
[49]	Qin J, He N J, Wang Y et al., 2012. Ecological issues of mulberry and sustainable development. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 3(4):330-339. doi:10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2012. 04.006
[50]	Rahman M R, 2010. Impact of riverbank erosion hazard in the Jamuna floodplain areas in Bangladesh. Journal of Science Foundation, 8(1-2):55-65. doi: 10.3329/jsf.v8i1-2.14627
[51]	Ray A, 1999. Locational problems of the sixteenth century Bengal coast. Pratna Samiksha, Journal of the Directorate of Archaeology and Museum, 6-8:121-134.
[52]	Ray K B, 1953. The Problem of the Kosi. The Economic Weekly, 19:1028-1031.
[53]	Rennell J, 1788. Memoir of a Map of Hindoostan or the Mugul Empire. London:M. Brown.
[54]	Rogge J, Elahi K, 1989. The riverbank erosionimpactstudy Bangladesh:final report to International Development Research Centre. Ottawa:IDRC
[55]	Rose N, 2000. Government and Control. The British Journal of Criminilogy, 40(2):321-339. doi: 10.1093/bjc/40.2.321
[56]	Rubonis A V, Bickman L, 1991. Psychological impairment in the wake of disaster:the disaster-psychology relationship. Psychological Bulletin, 109(3):384-399. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.109.3.384
[57]	Rudra K, 2011. The Encroaching Ganga and Social Conflicts:The Case of West Bengal, India. West Bengal, India:Department of Geography, Habra S.C. Mahavidyalaya (College). Avialbe at:http://www.gangawaterway.in/assets/02Rudra.pdf
[58]	Schneider D M, 1984. A Critique of the Study of Kinship. Ann Arbor:University of Michigan Press.
[59]	Sherwill W S, 1858. Report on the Rivers of Bengal and Papers of 1856, 1857 and 1858 on the Damoodah Embankments Etc. Calcutta:Savielle Printing and Publishing Co Ltd.
[60]	Shore J H, 1986. Psychiatric reactions to disaster:the Mount St. Helens Experience. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 143(5):590-595. doi: 10.1176/ajp.143.5.590
[61]	Taylor V A, Ross G A, Quarantelli E L, 1976. Delivery of Mental Health Services in Disasters:the Xenia Tornado and Some Implications (Vols. Book Monograph Series, 11). Collumbus:Disaster Research Center, Ohio State University.
[62]	Tesser A, Schwarz N, 2001. Blackwell Handbook of Social Psychology:Intraindividual Processes. Massachusetts:Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
[63]	White G F, 1945. Human Adjustment to Floods. Research Paper 29. Chicago:Department of Geography, University of Chicago Press.
[64]	Wilson R R, 2009. Don't Panic:Taking Control of Anxiety Attacks. 3rd ed. New York:Harper Collins Publishers.
[65]	Zaman M Q, 1989. The social and adjustment to political context of riverbank erosion hazard and population resettlement in Bangladesh. Human Organization, 48(3):196-205. doi:10. 17730/humo.48.3.v55465j651259835

[1]	Haifeng HU, Yong SUN, Hao ZHAO, Baoyin LIU, Rui GUO. Spatial-temporal Coupling Analysis of Economic Development-Social Development-Government Governance in Xinjiang, China . Chinese Geographical Science, 2023, 33(3): 410-425. doi: 10.1007/s11769-023-1351-3
[2]	Qiaobing YUE, Jianhua HE, Dianfeng LIU. Identifying Restructuring Types of Rural Settlement Using Social Network Analysis: A Case Study of Ezhou City in Hubei Province of China . Chinese Geographical Science, 2021, 31(6): 1011-1028. doi: 10.1007/s11769-021-1236-2
[3]	Lu SUN, Jia WANG, Shuping CHANG. Population Spatial Distribution Based on Luojia 1-01 Nighttime Light Image: A Case Study of Beijing . Chinese Geographical Science, 2021, 31(6): 966-978. doi: 10.1007/s11769-021-1240-6
[4]	YU Xiaojuan, ZHANG Zhongsheng, XUE Zhenshan, WU Haitao, ZHANG Hongri. Effects of Tidal Channels and Roads on Landscape Dynamic Distribution in the Yellow River Delta, China . Chinese Geographical Science, 2020, 30(1): 170-179. doi: 10.1007/s11769-020-1103-6
[5]	QIAO Xuning, GU Yangyang, ZOU Changxin, WANG Lei, LUO Juhua, HUANG Xianfeng. Trade-offs and Synergies of Ecosystem Services in the Taihu Lake Basin of China . Chinese Geographical Science, 2018, 28(1): 86-99. doi: 10.1007/s11769-018-0933-y
[6]	WANG Jinhua, LI Zhanbin, YAO Wenyi, DONG Guotao. Influence of Vegetation on Runoff and Sediment in Wind-water Erosion Crisscross Region in the Upper Yellow River of China . Chinese Geographical Science, 2017, 27(4): 569-576. doi: 10.1007/s11769-016-0829-7
[7]	SHA Yukun, LI Weipeng, FAN Jihui, CHENG Genwei. Determining Critical Support Discharge of a Riverhead and River Network Analysis: Case Studies of Lhasa River and Nyangqu River . Chinese Geographical Science, 2016, 26(4): 456-465. doi: 10.1007/s11769-015-0760-3
[8]	WANG Yukuan, LU Yafeng, LI Qinwen. Comparison and Effects of Different Climate-Vegetation Models in Areas of Complex Terrain under Climate Change . Chinese Geographical Science, 2016, 26(2): 188-196. doi: 10.1007/s11769-016-0798-x
[9]	SUN Liying, FANG Haiyan, QI Deli, LI Junlan, CAI Qiangguo. A Review on Rill Erosion Process and Its Influencing Factors . Chinese Geographical Science, 2013, 23(4): 389-402. doi: 10.1007/s11769-013-0612-y
[10]	CHEN Xia, WEI Wenshou, LIU Mingzhe. Change in Fresh Snow Density in Tianshan Mountains, China . Chinese Geographical Science, 2011, 21(1): 36-47.
[11]	YANG Zhao, LU Lin. Analysis of Social Integration Models of Tourism Labor Migrants——A Case Study of Jiuhua Mountain of Anhui Province, China . Chinese Geographical Science, 2008, 18(2): 127-136. doi: 10.1007/s11769-008-0127-0
[12]	WANG Ning, ZHANG Hong-yan, WANG Hui-lian, ZHANG Zheng-xiang. SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF SOIL EROSION AND NON-POINT SOURCE POLLUTION BASED ON GIS IN ERLONG LAKE WATERSHED, JILIN PROVINCE . Chinese Geographical Science, 2004, 14(4): 355-360.
[13]	GU Chao-lin. SOCIAL POLARIZATION AND SEGREGATION IN BEIJING . Chinese Geographical Science, 2001, 11(1): 17-26.
[14]	吴启焰, 罗俊彦. THE PROGRESS IN URBAN SOCIAL SPACTIAL DIFFERENTIATION STUDY OF CHINA . Chinese Geographical Science, 1999, 9(3): 206-212.
[15]	王腊春, 张建新, 陈晓玲, 储同庆. A CONTRAST ANALYSIS ON THE LOAD CHARACTER OF THE CHANGJIANG RIVER AND THE HUANGHE RIVER . Chinese Geographical Science, 1998, 8(4): 317-325.
[16]	杨世伦, 陈祥锋, 张正惕. FACTORIAL ANALYSIS OF ANNUAL EROSION ACCRETION CYCLES OF TIDAL FLATS IN THE FRONT AREA OF THE SOUTHERN CHANGJIANG RIVER DELTA . Chinese Geographical Science, 1998, 8(1): 1-11.
[17]	张佳华. REANALYSIS OF PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS TO RESUME PAST VEGETATION AND ENVIRONMENT ——Taking Fenzhuang Profile in Beijing as an Example . Chinese Geographical Science, 1998, 8(3): 225-231.
[18]	蔡启铭, 高锡芸, 陈宇炜, 马生伟, Martin Dokulil. DYNAMIC VARIATIONS OF WATER QUALITY IN TAIHU LAKE AND MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF ITS INFLUENTIAL FACTORS . Chinese Geographical Science, 1996, 6(4): 364-374.
[19]	王俊, 赵宝中. WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT OF RIVERS IN JILIN PROVINCE OF CHINA . Chinese Geographical Science, 1995, 5(1): 87-96.
[20]	季子修, 蒋自巽. IMPACTS OF SEA LEVEL RISE ON COASTAL EROSION IN THE CHANGJIANG RIVER DELTA AND NORTH JIANGSU COASTAL PLAINO . Chinese Geographical Science, 1994, 4(4): 310-321.

点击查看大图

计量

文章访问数: 381
HTML全文浏览量: 20
PDF下载量: 774
被引次数: 0

姓名
邮箱
手机号码
标题
留言内容
验证码

留言板

Analysis of Social and Psychological Terrain of Bank Erosion Victims: A Study Along the Bhagirathi River, West Bengal, India

doi: 10.1007/s11769-018-0937-7

通讯作者:
Aznarul ISLAM.E-mail:aznarulislam@gmail.com

Analysis of Social and Psychological Terrain of Bank Erosion Victims: A Study Along the Bhagirathi River, West Bengal, India

Corresponding author: 10.1007/s11769-018-0937-7

计量

Analysis of Social and Psychological Terrain of Bank Erosion Victims: A Study Along the Bhagirathi River, West Bengal, India

doi: 10.1007/s11769-018-0937-7

1. Department of Geography, Aliah University, Kolkata 700014, India;

2. Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, India

通讯作者: Aznarul ISLAM.E-mail:aznarulislam@gmail.com

English Abstract

Analysis of Social and Psychological Terrain of Bank Erosion Victims: A Study Along the Bhagirathi River, West Bengal, India

1. Department of Geography, Aliah University, Kolkata 700014, India;

2. Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, India

Corresponding author: 10.1007/s11769-018-0937-7

全文HTML

目录

留言板

Analysis of Social and Psychological Terrain of Bank Erosion Victims: A Study Along the Bhagirathi River, West Bengal, India

doi: 10.1007/s11769-018-0937-7

通讯作者: Aznarul ISLAM.E-mail:aznarulislam@gmail.com

Analysis of Social and Psychological Terrain of Bank Erosion Victims: A Study Along the Bhagirathi River, West Bengal, India

Corresponding author: 10.1007/s11769-018-0937-7

计量

出版历程

Analysis of Social and Psychological Terrain of Bank Erosion Victims: A Study Along the Bhagirathi River, West Bengal, India

doi: 10.1007/s11769-018-0937-7

1. Department of Geography, Aliah University, Kolkata 700014, India; 2. Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, India

通讯作者: Aznarul ISLAM.E-mail:aznarulislam@gmail.com

English Abstract

Analysis of Social and Psychological Terrain of Bank Erosion Victims: A Study Along the Bhagirathi River, West Bengal, India

1. Department of Geography, Aliah University, Kolkata 700014, India; 2. Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, India

Corresponding author: 10.1007/s11769-018-0937-7

全文HTML

目录

通讯作者:
Aznarul ISLAM.E-mail:aznarulislam@gmail.com

1. Department of Geography, Aliah University, Kolkata 700014, India;

2. Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, India

1. Department of Geography, Aliah University, Kolkata 700014, India;

2. Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, India