[1] Angers V A, Messier C, Beaudet M et al., 2005. Comparing composition and structure in old-growth and harvested (selection and diameter-limit cuts) northern hardwood stands in Quebec. Forest Ecology and Management, 217(2):275-293. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.06.008
[2] Chen X W, Li B L, Lin Z S, 2003. The acceleration of succession for the restoration of the mixed-broadleaved Korean pine forests in Northeast China. Forest Ecology and Management, 177(1):503-514. doi: 10.1016/S0378-1127(02)00455-3
[3] Cheng Xiaoqin, Han Hairong, Kang Fengfeng et al., 2014. Short-term effects of thinning on soil respiration in a pine (Pinus tabulaeformis) platation. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 50(2):357-367. (in Chinese)
[4] Colwell R K, 2006. EstimateS:statistical estimation of species richness and shared species from samples. Version 8.0. User's Guide and Application. Available at:http://viceroy.eeb.uconn. edu/estimates.
[5] Dai Limin, Gu Huiyan, Shao Guofan et al., 2004. The Broad-leaved-Korean Pine Mixed Forest on Changbai Mountain of China. Shenyang:Liaoning Science and Technology Publishing House, 16-17, 53-54, 70-71, 244-245. (in Chinese)
[6] González-Alday J, Martínez-Ruiz C, Bravo F, 2009. Evaluating different harvest intensities over understory plant diversity and pine seedlings, in a Pinus pinaster Ait. natural stand of Spain. Plant Ecology, 201(1):211-220. doi: 10.1007/s11258-008-9490-2
[7] Grandpre L D, Archambault L, Morissette J, 2000. Early understory successional changes following clearcutting in the balsam fir-yellow birch forest. Ecoscience, 7(1):92-100.
[8] Gu H Y, Dai L M, 2008. Structural and compositional responses to timber harvesting for an old-growth forest on Changbai Mountain, China. Journal of Forest Science, 54(6):281-286.
[9] Hall J S, Harris D J, Medjibe V et al., 2003. The effects of selective logging on forest structure and tree species composition in a Central African forest:implications for management of conservation areas. Forest Ecology and Management, 183(1):249-264.
[10] Hart J L, Grissino-Mayer H D, 2009. Gap-scale disturbance processes in secondary hardwood stands on the Cumberland Plateau, Tennessee, USA. Forest Ecology, 201(1):131-146. doi: 10.1007/s11258-008-9488-9
[11] Larsen T H, Williams N M, Kremen C, 2005. Extinction order and altered community structure rapidly disrupt ecosystem functioning. Ecology Letters, 8(5):538-547. doi:10.1111/j. 1461-0248.2005.00749.x
[12] Magurran A E, 2004. Measuring Biological Diversity. Victoria:Blackwell.
[13] Ma Keping, Liu Canran, Liu Yuming, 1995. Measurement of biotic community diversity. Ⅱ. Measurement of β diversity. Chinese Biodiversity, 3(1):38-43. (in Chinese)
[14] McDonald R I, Motzkin G, Foster D R, 2008. The effect of log-ging on vegetation composition in western Massachusetts. Forest Ecology and Management, 255(12):4021-4031. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2008.03.054
[15] Nolet P, Doyon F, Messier C, 2014. A new silvicultural approach to the management of uneven-aged Northern hardwoods:frequent low-intensity harvesting. Forestry, 87(1):39-48. doi: 10.1093/forestry/cpt044
[16] Okuda T, Suzuki M, Adachi N et al., 2003. Effect of selective logging on canopy and stand structure and tree species composition in a lowland dipterocarp forest in peninsular Malaysia. Forest Ecology and Management, 175(1-3):297-320. doi: 10.1016/S0378-1127(02)00137-8
[17] Parrotta J A, Francis J K, Knowles O H, 2002. Harvesting intensity affects forest structure and composition in an upland Amazonian forest. Forest Ecology and Management, 169(3):243-255. doi: 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00758-7
[18] R Development Core Team, 2004. R:A Language and Environ-ment for Statistical Computing. Vienna:R Foundation for Sta-tistical Computing.
[19] Ramovs B V, Roberts M R, 2003. Understory vegetation and environment responses to tillage, forest harvesting, and conifer plantation development. Ecological Applications, 13(6):1682-1700. doi: 10.1890/02-5237
[20] Shao G F, Wang F, Dai L M et al., 2006. A density-dependent matrix model and its applications in optimizing harvest schemes. Science in China Series E:Technological Sciences, 49(1):108-117. doi: 10.1007/s11431-006-8112-2
[21] Shao Guofan, Schall P, Weishampel J F, 1994. Dynamic simula-tions of mixed broadleaved-Pinus koraiensis forests in the Changbaishan Biosphere Reserve of China. Forest Ecology and Management, 70(1-3):169-181. doi: 10.1016/0378-1127(94)90084-1
[22] Su D K, Yu D P, Zhou L et al., 2010. Differences in the structure, species composition and diversity of primary and harvested forests on Changbai Mountain, Northeast China. Journal of Forest Science, 56(6):285-293.
[23] Wagner S, Fischer H, Huth F, 2011. Canopy effects on vegetation caused by harvesting and regeneration treatments. European Journal of Forest Research, 130(1):17-40. doi:10.1007/s 10342-010-0378-z
[24] Wang Hui, Li Qian, Han Xuemei et al., 2011. Effect of harvesting on niche dynamics of main arborous species in broadleaved-korean pine mixed forests in Changbai Mountain. Journal of Northeast Forestry University, 39(10):18-20. (in Chinese)
[25] Widayati A, Carlisle B, 2012. Impacts of rattan cane harvesting on vegetation structure and tree diversity of conservation forest in Buton, Indonesia. Forest Ecology and Management, 266(1):206-215. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2011.11.018
[26] Xie Xiaokui, Liu Zhenggang, Su Dongkai et al., 2011. Dynamic diameter distribution simulation and optimal management of broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest in Changbai Mountain. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 30(2):384-388. (in Chinese)
[27] Yu D P, Zhou L, Zhou W M et al., 2011. Forest management in Northeast China:history, problems, and challenges. Environ-mental Management, 48(6):1122-1135. doi: 10.1007/s00267-011-9633-4
[28] Yu Zhenliang, Yu Guirui, Zhao Shidong et al., 2001. Succession and silviculture model of broad-leaved pines Koriensis forests in Changbai Mountain. Resources Science, 23(6):59-63. (in Chinese)
[29] Zhang Zhaochen, Hao Zhanqing, Ye Ji et al., 2013. Short-term death dynamics of trees in natural secondary poplar-birch forest in Changbai Mountains of Northeast China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 24(2):303-310. (in Chinese)
[30] Zhao Fuqiang, He Hongshi, Dai Limin et al., 2014. Effects of human disturbances on Korean pine coverage and age structure at a landscape scale in Northeast China. Ecological Engineering, 71(1):375-379. doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.07. 072