[1] Ahammed S J, Homsi R, Khan N et al., 2020. Assessment of changing pattern of crop water stress in Bangladesh. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 22: 4619–4637. doi:  10.1007/s10668-019-00400-w
[2] Asbury Z, Aly M H., 2019. A geospatial study of the drought impact on surface water reservoirs: study cases from Texas, USA. GIScience & Remote Sensing, 56(6): 894–910. doi:  10.1080/15481603.2019.1582154
[3] Ayugi B, Tan G, Niu R et al., 2020. Evaluation of meteorological drought and flood scenarios over Kenya, East Africa. Atmosphere, 11: 307. doi:  10.3390/atmos11030307
[4] Bhunia P, Das P, Maiti R et al., 2020. Meteorological drought study through SPI in three drought prone districts of West Bengal, India. Earth Systems and Environment, 4: 43–55. doi:  10.1007/s41748-019-00137-6
[5] Chen H, Liang Z, Liu Y et al., 2018. Effects of drought and flood on crop production in China across 1949–2015: spatial heterogeneity analysis with Bayesian hierarchical modeling. Natural Hazards, 92(1): 525–541. doi:  10.1007/s11069-018-3216-0
[6] Chen J, Li Q, Wang H et al., 2020a. A machine learning ensemble approach based on random forest and radial basis function neural network for risk evaluation of regional flood disaster: a case study of the Yangtze River Delta, China. International Journal Of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(1): 49. doi:  10.3390/ijerph17010049
[7] Chen X, Li Y, Yao N et al., 2020b. Impacts of multi-timescale SPEI and SMDI variations on winter wheat yields. Agricultural Systems, 185: 102955. doi:  10.1016/j.agsy.2020.102955
[8] Dracup J A, Lee K S, Paulson Jr E G, 1980. On the definition of droughts. Water Resources Research, 16: 297–302. doi:  10.1029/WR016i002p00297
[9] Gao Y, Hu T, Wang Q et al., 2019. Effect of drought-flood abrupt alternation on rice yield and yield components. Crop Science, 59(1): 280–292. doi:  10.2135/cropsci2018.05.0319
[10] Huang Yufei, Lu Chunyan, Lei Yifan et al., 2022. Spatio-temporal variations of temperature and precipitation during 1951–2019 in arid and semiarid region, China. Chinese Geographical Science, 32(2): 285–301. doi:  10.1007/s11769-022-1262-8
[11] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2021. Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[12] Jia Yanqing, Zhang Bo, Ma Bin, 2018. Daily SPEI reveals long-term change in drought characteristics in Southwest China. Chinese Geographical Science, 28(4): 680–693. doi:  10.1007/s11769-018-0973-3
[13] Kim W, Iizumi T, Nishimori M, 2019. Global patterns of crop production losses associated with droughts from 1983 to 2009. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 58(6): 1233–1244. doi:  10.1175/JAMC-D-18-0174.1
[14] Lei Z, Jie P, Tao S et al., 2013. Spatial and temporal characteristics of drought/flood in Linyi based on standard precipitation index (SPI) in recent 51 years. Journal of Arid Meteorology, 31(4): 695. doi:  10.11755/j.issn.1006-7639(2013)-04-0695
[15] Liu X, Pan Y, Zhu X et al., 2018. Drought evolution and its impact on the crop yield in the North China Plain. Journal of hydrology, 564: 984–996. doi:  10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.07.077
[16] Liu X, Wang S, Zhou Y et al., 2015. Regionalization and spatiotemporal variation of drought in China based on standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (1961–2013). Advances in Meteorology, 2015. doi:  10.1155/2015/950262
[17] Madadgar S, AghaKouchak A, Farahmand A et al., 2017. Probabilistic estimates of drought impacts on agricultural production. Geophysical Research Letters, 44: 7799–7807. doi:  10.1002/2017GL073606
[18] McKee T B, Doesken N J, Kleist J, 1993. The relationship of drought frequency and duration to time scales. Eighth Conference on Applied Climatology. Anaheim CA, USA: American Meteorological Society, 179–186.
[19] Mukherjee S, Mishra A, Trenberth K E, 2018. Climate change and drought: a perspective on drought indices. Current Climate Change Reports, 4(2): 145–163. doi:  10.1007/s40641-018-0098-x
[20] Ndlovu M S, Demlie M, 2020. Assessment of meteorological drought and wet conditions using two drought indices across Kwazulu-natal Province, South Africa. Atmosphere, 11: 623. doi:  10.3390/atmos11060623
[21] Nie Y, Tan Y, Deng Y et al., 2020. Suitability evaluation of typical drought index in soil moisture retrieval and monitoring based on optical images. Remote Sensing, 12: 2587. doi:  10.3390/rs12162587
[22] Palmer W C, 1965. Meteorologic Drought. U. S. : Weather Bureau.
[23] Ren Jiancheng, Wang Feng, Lu Xiaoning, 2021. Spatiotemporal variation of drought in Shandong Province analyzed using the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage, 40(12): 127–135. (in Chinese)
[24] Sein Z M M, Zhi X, Ogou F K et al., 2021. Spatio-temporal analysis of drought variability in Myanmar based on the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) and its impact on crop production. Agronomy, 11(9): 1691. doi:  10.3390/agronomy11091691
[25] Shi J, Cui L, Tian Z, 2020a. Spatial and temporal distribution and trend in flood and drought disasters in East China. Environmental Research, 185: 109406. doi:  10.1016/j.envres.2020.109406
[26] Shandong Bureau of Statistics, 2010−2021. Shandong Statistical Yearbook 2010−2021. Beijing: China Statistics Press. (in Chinese)
[27] Shi Z, Huang H, Wu Y et al., 2020b. Climate change impacts on agricultural production and crop disaster area in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(13): 4792. doi:  10.3390/ijerph17134792
[28] Simelton E, Fraser E D, Termansen M et al., 2012. The socioeconomics of food crop production and climate change vulnerability: a global scale quantitative analysis of how grain crops are sensitive to drought. Food Security, 4: 163–179. doi:  10.1007/s12571-012-0173-4
[29] Su B, Huang J, Fischer T et al., 2018. Drought losses in China might double between the 1. 5 c and 2. 0 c warming. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 10600–10605. doi:  10.1073/pnas.1802129115
[30] Sun Lingxiao, Pei Hongqin, 2018. Study on agricultural climate resources in Linyi City. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 46(2): 141–143. doi:  10.13989/j.cnki.0517-6611.2018.02.040
[31] Tao J, Qiao W, Li H et al., 2022. Spatial and temporal evolution characteristics and causes of drought and flood in the Henan section of the Yellow River. Natural Hazards, 1–20. doi:  10.1007/s11069-022-05333-8
[32] The Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, 1985−2006. China Agricultural Statistical Material 1985−2006. Beijing: China Agriculture Press. (in Chinese)
[33] The Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, 2010. Statistical Material of 60 years of Agriculture in New China 2010. Beijing: China Statistics Press. (in Chinese)
[34] The Ministry of Water Resources of the People’s Republic of China, 2006‒2020. China Water and Drought Disaster Bulletin. Beijing: China Cartographic Publishing House. (in Chinese)
[35] Tirivarombo S, Osupile D, Eliasson P et al., 2018. Drought monitoring and analysis: standardised precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) and standardised precipitation index (SPI). Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 106: 1–10. doi:  10.1016/j.pce.2018.07.001
[36] Vicente-Serrano S M, Begueria S, Lopez-Moreno J I, 2010. A multiscalar drought index sensitive to global warming: the standardized precipi­tation evapotranspiration index. Journal of climate, 23: 1696–1718. doi:  10.1175/2009JCLI2909.1
[37] Wang H, Pan Y, Chen Y, 2017. Comparison of three drought indices and their evolutionary characteristics in the arid region of Northwestern China. Atmospheric Science Letters, 18: 132–139. doi:  10.1002/asl.735
[38] Wang Q, Liu Y, Zhang Y et al., 2019. Assessment of spatial agglomeration of agricultural drought disaster in China from 1978 to 2016. Scientific reports, 9: 1–8. doi:  10.1038/s41598-019-51042-x
[39] Wang W, Sun L, Pei Z et al., 2021. Effect of growing season drought and flood on yield of spring maize in three northeast provinces of China. Smart Agriculture, 3(2): 126. doi:  10.12133/j.smartag.2021.3.2.202106-SA004
[40] Xiao Dawei, Li Haicheng, Yang Deguang, 2017. Evaluation method of grain reduction caused by droughts and floods and empirical analysis of China grain reduction. Journal of Catastrophology, 32(2): 26–31. doi:  10.3969/j.issn.1000-811X.2017.02.005
[41] Xu Y, Li Z, Wang L, 2020. Temporal-spatial differences in and influencing factors of agricultural eco-efficiency in Shandong Province, China. Ciencia Rural, 50. doi:  10.1590/0103-8478cr20190818
[42] Yang Z, Shen N, Qu Y et al., 2021. Association between rural land use transition and urban–rural integration development: from 2009 to 2018 based on county-level data in Shandong Province, China. Land, 10(11): 1228. doi:  10.3390/land10111228
[43] Yao T, Zhao Q, Li X Y et al., 2021. Spatiotemporal variations of multi-scale drought in Shandong Province from 1961 to 2017. Water Supply, 21(2): 525–541. doi:  10.2166/ws.2020.332
[44] Yevjevich V M, 1967. Objective Approach to Definitions and Investigations of Continental Hydrologic Droughts. An. Colorado: Colorado State University.
[45] Zarei A R, Shabani A, Mahmoudi M R, 2020. Evaluation of the influence of occurrence time of drought on the annual yield of rain-fed winter wheat using backward multiple generalized estimation equation. Water Resources Management, 34(9): 2911–2931. doi:  10.1007/s11269-020-02590-9
[46] Zeng J, Zhang R, Qu Y et al., 2022. Improving the drought monitoring capability of VHI at the global scale via ensemble indices for various vegetation types from 2001 to 2018. Weather and Climate Extremes, 35: 100412. doi:  10.1016/j.wace.2022.100412
[47] Zeng Z, Wu W, Li Y et al., 2020. Spatiotemporal variations in drought and wetness from 1965 to 2017 in China. Water, 12: 2097. doi:  10.3390/w12082097
[48] Zhang G, Ali S, Wang X et al., 2019a. SPI-based drought simulation and prediction using ARMA-GARCH model. Applied Mathematics and Computation, 355: 96–107. doi:  10.1016/j.amc.2019.02.058
[49] Zhang L, Wang Y, Chen Y et al., 2020a. Drought risk assessment in Central Asia using a probabilistic copula function approach. Water, 12: 421. doi:  10.3390/w12020421
[50] Zhang L. , 2008. Assessing the Demand for Weather Index Insurance in Shandong Province, China. Commonwealth of Massachusetts: University of Kentucky.
[51] Zhang Q, Yao Y, Li Y et al., 2020b. Causes and changes of drought in China: Research progress and prospects. Journal of Meteorological Research, 34: 460–481. doi:  10.1007/s13351-020-9829-8
[52] Zhang Q, Yu H, Sun P et al., 2019b. Multisource data based agricultural drought monitoring and agricultural loss in China. Global Planet Change, 172: 298–306. doi:  10.1016/j.gloplacha.2018.10.017
[53] Zhang Z, Li Y, Elahi E et al., 2022. Comprehensive evaluation of agricultural modernization levels. Sustainability, 14(9): 5069. doi:  10.3390/su14095069
[54] Zhao Y, Yang N, Wei Y et al., 2019. Eight hundred years of drought and flood disasters and precipitation sequence reconstruction in Wuzhou City, Southwest China. Water, 11: 219. doi:  10.3390/w11020219
[55] Zhou X, Wang P, Tansey K et al., 2020. Developing a fused vegetation temperature condition index for drought monitoring at field scales using sentinel-2 and modis imagery. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 168: 105144. doi:  10.1016/j.compag.2019.105144
[56] Zhu Baomei, Zhou Qing, Dong Xiangyan et al., 2015. Analysis of agro-meteorological disasters intensity variation and impacts on grain yield decrease in Dezhou City. China Population, Resources and Environment, 25(S2): 262–265. (in Chinese)
[57] Zuo D, Cai S, Xu Z et al., 2018. Spatiotemporal patterns of drought at various time scales in Shandong Province of Eastern China. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 131: 271–284. doi:  10.1007/s00704-016-1969-5