[1] Akamatsu K, 1962. A historical pattern of economic growth in developing countries. The Developing Economies, 1: 3–25. doi:  10.1111/j.1746-1049.1962.tb01020.x
[2] Ang Y Y, 2018. Domestic flying geese: industrial transfer and delayed policy diffusion in China. The China Quarterly, 234: 420–443. doi:  10.1017/S0305741018000516
[3] Audretsch D B, Feldman M P, 1996. R&D spillovers and the geography of innovation and production. American Economic Review, 86(3): 630–640.
[4] Autant-Bernard C, LeSage J P, 2011. Quantifying knowledge spillovers using spatial econometric models. Journal of Regional Science, 51(3): 471–496. doi:  10.1111/j.1467-9787.2010.00705.x
[5] Balland P A, Boschma R, Frenken K, 2015. Proximity and innovation: from statics to dynamics. Regional Studies, 49(6): 907–920. doi:  10.1080/00343404.2014.883598
[6] Baycan T, Nijkamp P, Stough R, 2017. Spatial spillovers revisited: innovation, human capital and local dynamics. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 41(6): 962–975. doi:  10.1111/1468-2427.12557
[7] Boschma R, 2005. Proximity and innovation: a critical assessment. Regional Studies, 39(1): 61–74. doi:  10.1080/0034340052000320887
[8] Bottazzi L, Peri G, 2003. Innovation and spillovers in regions: evidence from European patent data. European Economic Review, 47(4): 687–710. doi:  10.1016/S0014-2921(02)00307-0
[9] Cai H C, Feng Z J, Zhou W et al. , 2022. Understanding the spatial polarization pattern of technology transfer network in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay area. Growth and Change. doi:  10.1111/grow.12636
[10] Capello R, 2001. Urban innovation and collective learning: theory and evidence from five metropolitan cities in Europe. In: Fischer M M, Fröhlich J (eds). Knowledge, Complexity and Innovation Systems. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 181–208. doi:  10.1007/978-3-662-04546-6_10
[11] Carlino G, Kerr W R, 2015. Agglomeration and innovation. In: Duranton G, Henderson J V, Strange W (eds). Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics, 5: 349–404. doi:  10.1016/B978-0-444-59517-1.00006-4
[12] Chen Y, Li W W, Yi P T, 2020. Evaluation of city innovation capability using the TOPSIS-based order relation method: the case of Liaoning Province, China. Technology in Society, 63: 101330. doi:  10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101330
[13] Chen Z Y, Zhang J, 2019. Types of patents and driving forces behind the patent growth in China. Economic Modelling, 80: 294–302. doi:  10.1016/j.econmod.2018.11.015
[14] Choi H S, Sohn S Y, Yeom H J, 2018. Technological composition of US metropolitan statistical areas with high-impact patents. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 134: 72–83. doi:  10.1016/j.techfore.2018.05.013
[15] Crescenzi R, Rodríguez-Pose A, Storper M, 2012. The territorial dynamics of innovation in China and India. Journal of Economic Geography, 12(5): 1055–1085. doi:  10.1093/jeg/lbs020
[16] Crescenzi R, Rodríguez-Pose A, 2017. The geography of innovation in China and India. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 41(6): 1010–1027. doi:  10.1111/1468-2427.12554
[17] De Groot H L F, Poot J, Smit M J, 2009. Agglomeration externalities, innovation and regional growth: theoretical perspectives and meta-analysis. In: Capello R, Nijkamp P (eds). Handbook of Regional Growth and Development Theories. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing, 256–281.
[18] dos Santos Silvestre B, Dalcol P R T, 2009. Geographical proximity and innovation: evidences from the Campos Basin oil & gas industrial agglomeration: Brazil. Technovation, 29(8): 546–561. doi:  10.1016/j.technovation.2009.01.003
[19] Drivas K, Economidou C, Karamanis D et al., 2020. Mobility of highly skilled individuals and local innovation activity. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 158: 120144. doi:  10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120144
[20] Duan D Z, Du D B, Liu C L et al., 2016. Spatio-temporal evolution of urban innovation structure based on zip code geodatabase: an empirical study from Shanghai and Beijing. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 26(12): 1707–1724. doi:  10.1007/s11442-016-1354-4
[21] Ellison G, Glaeser E L, Kerr W R, 2010. What causes industry agglomeration? Evidence from coagglomeration patterns. American Economic Review, 100(3): 1195–1213. doi:  10.1257/aer.100.3.1195
[22] Faber B, 2014. Trade integration, market size, and industrialization: evidence from China’s National Trunk Highway System. The Review of Economic Studies, 81(3): 1046–1070. doi:  10.1093/restud/rdu010
[23] Fan F, Dai S Z, Zhang K K et al., 2021. Innovation agglomeration and urban hierarchy: evidence from Chinese cities. Applied Economics, 53(54): 6300–6318. doi:  10.1080/00036846.2021.1937507
[24] Fritsch M, 2002. Measuring the quality of regional innovation systems: a knowledge production function approach. International Regional Science Review, 25(1): 86–101. doi:  10.1177/016001702762039394
[25] García F, Jin B, Salomon R, 2013. Does inward foreign direct investment improve the innovative performance of local firms? Research Policy, 42(1): 231–244. doi:  10.1016/j.respol.2012.06.005
[26] Gonçalves E, Almeida E, 2009. Innovation and spatial knowledge spillovers: evidence from Brazilian patent data. Regional Studies, 43(4): 513–528. doi:  10.1080/00343400701874131
[27] Görg H, Greenaway D, 2004. Much ado about nothing? Do domestic firms really benefit from foreign direct investment? The World Bank Research Observer, 19(2): 171–197. doi:  10.1093/wbro/lkh019
[28] Greunz L, 2005. Intra- and inter-regional knowledge spillovers: evidence from European regions. European Planning Studies, 13(3): 449–473. doi:  10.1080/09654310500089746
[29] Hamidi S, Zandiatashbar A, 2019. Does urban form matter for innovation productivity? A national multi-level study of the association between neighbourhood innovation capacity and urban sprawl. Urban Studies, 56(8): 1576–1594. doi:  10.1177/0042098018767002
[30] Howells J, Bessant J, 2012. Introduction: innovation and economic geography: a review and analysis. Journal of Economic Geography, 12(5): 929–942. doi:  10.1093/jeg/lbs029
[31] Jaffe A B, Trajtenberg M, Henderson R, 1993. Geographic localization of knowledge spillovers as evidenced by patent citations. The Quarterly journal of Economics, 108(3): 577–598. doi:  10.2307/2118401
[32] Kaygalak I, Reid N, 2016. Innovation and knowledge spillovers in Turkey: the role of geographic and organizational proximity. Regional Science Policy & Practice, 8(1–2): 45–60. doi:  10.1111/rsp3.12072
[33] Koch L, Simmler M, 2020. How important are local knowledge spillovers of public R&D and what drives them? Research Policy, 49(7): 104009. doi:  10.1016/j.respol.2020.104009
[34] Kou Zonglai, Liu Xueyue, 2017. FIND Report on City and Industrial Innovation in China (2017), Fudan Institute of Industrial Development, School of Economics, Fudan University. Available at: http://kouzonglai.blog.caixin.com/archives/176063. (in Chinese)
[35] Lakshmanan T R, Anderson W P, Song Y, 2015. Rise of megalopolis as a mega knowledge region: interactions of innovations in transport, information, production, and organizations. In: Nijkamp P, Rose A, Kourtit K (eds). Regional Science Matters, Cham: Springer,373–398. doi:  10.1007/978-3-319-07305-7_18
[36] Li Y, 2020. Innovative firms and high-tech industrial hubs in China. In: Oqubay A, Lin J Y (eds). The Oxford Handbook of Industrial Hubs and Economic Development. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[37] Lin M, Kwan Y K, 2016. FDI technology spillovers, geography, and spatial diffusion. International Review of Economics & Finance, 43: 257–274. doi:  10.1016/j.iref.2016.02.014
[38] Liu Y L, Zhang X H, Pan X Y et al., 2020. The spatial integration and coordinated industrial development of urban agglomerations in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, China. Cities, 104: 102801. doi:  10.1016/j.cities.2020.102801
[39] Lyu L, Sun F X, Huang R, 2019. Innovation-based urbanization: evidence from 270 cities at the prefecture level or above in China. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 29(8): 1283–1299. doi:  10.1007/s11442-019-1659-1
[40] Mattes J, 2012. Dimensions of proximity and knowledge bases: innovation between spatial and non-spatial factors. Regional Studies, 46(8): 1085–1099. doi:  10.1080/00343404.2011.552493
[41] Miguélez E, Moreno R, 2015. Knowledge flows and the absorptive capacity of regions. Research Policy, 44(4): 833–848. doi:  10.1016/j.respol.2015.01.016
[42] Min S J, Kim J, Sawng Y W, 2020. The effect of innovation network size and public R&D investment on regional innovation efficiency. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 155: 119998. doi:  10.1016/j.techfore.2020.119998
[43] Moreno R, Paci R, Usai S, 2005. Spatial spillovers and innovation activity in European regions. Environment and Planning A:Economy and Space, 37(10): 1793–1812. doi:  10.1068/a37341
[44] Ning L T, Wang F, Li J, 2016. Urban innovation, regional externalities of foreign direct investment and industrial agglomeration: evidence from Chinese cities. Research Policy, 45(4): 830–843. doi:  10.1016/j.respol.2016.01.014
[45] National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2001–2017. China City Statistical Yearbook 2001–2017. China: China Statistics Press. (in Chinese)
[46] National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2001–2017. China Statistical Yearbook 2001−2017. China: China Statistics Press. (in Chinese)
[47] Paci R, Marrocu E, Usai S, 2014. The complementary effects of proximity dimensions on knowledge spillovers. Spatial Economic Analysis, 9(1): 9–30. doi:  10.1080/17421772.2013.856518
[48] Qin Y, 2017. ‘No county left behind?’ The distributional impact of high-speed rail upgrades in China. Journal of Economic Geography, 17(3): 489–520. doi:  10.1093/jeg/lbw013
[49] Schankerman M, Pakes A, 1986. Estimates of the value of patent rights in European countries during the post-1950 period. The Economic Journal, 96(384): 1052–1076. doi:  10.2307/2233173
[50] Shang Q Y, Poon J P H, Yue Q T, 2012. The role of regional knowledge spillovers on China’s innovation. China Economic Review, 23(4): 1164–1175. doi:  10.1016/j.chieco.2012.08.004
[51] Sheng Y W, Zhao J L, Zhang X B et al., 2019. Innovation efficiency and spatial spillover in urban agglomerations: a case of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, the Yangtze River Delta, and the Pearl River Delta. Growth and Change, 50(4): 1280–1310. doi:  10.1111/grow.12329
[52] Song H S, Zhang M, 2017. Spatial spillovers of regional innovation: evidence from Chinese Provinces. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 53(9): 2104–2122. doi:  10.1080/1540496X.2017.1284061
[53] Squicciarini M P, Voigtländer N, 2015. Human capital and industrialization: evidence from the age of enlightenment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 130(4): 1825–1883. doi:  10.1093/qje/qjv025
[54] Tan D D, Cheng C, Lei M J et al., 2017. Spatial distributions and determinants of regional innovation in China: evidence from Chinese metropolitan data. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 53(6): 1442–1454. doi:  10.1080/1540496X.2017.1283215
[55] Tang S, Zhang J X, Niu F Q, 2020. Spatial-temporal evolution characteristics and countermeasures of urban innovation space distribution: an empirical study based on data of Nanjing high-tech enterprises. Complexity, 2020: 2905482. doi:  10.1155/2020/2905482
[56] Tojeiro-Rivero D, Moreno R, 2019. Technological cooperation, R&D outsourcing, and innovation performance at the firm level: the role of the regional context. Research Policy, 48(7): 1798–1808. doi:  10.1016/j.respol.2019.04.006
[57] Vernon R, 1966. International investment and international trade in the product cycle. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 80(2): 190–207. doi:  10.2307/1880689
[58] Wang J T, Cai S Y, 2020. The construction of high-speed railway and urban innovation capacity: based on the perspective of knowledge Spillover. China Economic Review, 63: 101539. doi:  10.1016/j.chieco.2020.101539
[59] Wang S, Shi X, Wang T et al. , 2022. Nonlinear spatial innovation spillovers and regional open innovation: evidence from China. R&D Management. doi:  10.1111/radm.12527
[60] Wang Yue, Wang Chengyun, Mao Xiyan et al., 2021. Spatial pattern and benefit allocation in regional collaborative innovation of the Yangtze River Delta, China. Chinese Geographical Science, 31(5): 900–914. doi:  10.1007/s11769-021-1224-6
[61] Wang Y D, Ning L T, Li J et al., 2016a. Foreign direct investment spillovers and the geography of innovation in Chinese regions: the role of regional industrial specialization and diversity. Regional Studies, 50(5): 805–822. doi:  10.1080/00343404.2014.933800
[62] Wang Z Y, Cheng Y Q, Ye X Y et al., 2016b. Analyzing the space–time dynamics of innovation in china: ESDA and spatial panel approaches. Growth and Change, 47(1): 111–129. doi:  10.1111/grow.12115
[63] Wilson D J, 2009. Beggar thy neighbor? The in-state, out-of-state, and aggregate effects of R&D tax credits. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 91(2): 431–436. doi:  10.1162/rest.91.2.431
[64] Xie Q J, Su J, 2021. The spatial-temporal complexity and dynamics of research collaboration: Evidence from 297 cities in China (1985−2016). Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 162: 120390. doi:  10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120390
[65] Yan Y Y, Wu Z C, 2020. Regional innovation distribution and its dynamic evolution: policy impact and spillover effect—Based on the perspective of innovation motivation. PLoS One, 15(7): e0235828. doi:  10.1371/journal.pone.0235828
[66] Yang W Y, Fan F, Wang X L et al., 2021. Knowledge innovation network externalities in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area: borrowing size or agglomeration shadow. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 1–18. doi:  10.1080/09537325.2021.1940922
[67] Yao L, Li J, Li J, 2020. Urban innovation and intercity patent collaboration: a network analysis of China’s national innovation system. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 160: 120185. doi:  10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120185
[68] Zhang G Y, Zhao S K, Xi Y J et al., 2018. Relating science and technology resources integration and polarization effect to innovation ability in emerging economies: an empirical study of Chinese enterprises. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 135: 188–198. doi:  10.1016/j.techfore.2017.09.009
[69] Zhang K H, 2014. How does foreign direct investment affect industrial competitiveness? Evidence from China. China Economic Review, 30: 530–539. doi:  10.1016/j.chieco.2013.08.003
[70] Zhang W K, Tian X L, Yu A, 2020. Is high-speed rail a catalyst for the fourth industrial revolution in China? Story of enhanced technology spillovers from venture capital. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 161: 120286. doi:  10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120286
[71] Zhou Y, Guo Y Z, Liu Y S, 2018. High-level talent flow and its influence on regional unbalanced development in China. Applied Geography, 91: 89–98. doi:  10.1016/j.apgeog.2017.12.023