City Networks of Online Commodity Services in China: Empirical Analysis of Tmall Clothing and Electronic Retailers

XI Guangliang; ZHEN Feng; HE Jinliao; GONG Yanhao

doi:10.1007/s11769-017-0927-1

Volume 28 Issue 2

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XI Guangliang, ZHEN Feng, HE Jinliao, GONG Yanhao. City Networks of Online Commodity Services in China: Empirical Analysis of Tmall Clothing and Electronic Retailers[J]. Chinese Geographical Science, 2018, 28(2): 231-246. doi: 10.1007/s11769-017-0927-1

Citation:

XI Guangliang, ZHEN Feng, HE Jinliao, GONG Yanhao. City Networks of Online Commodity Services in China: Empirical Analysis of Tmall Clothing and Electronic Retailers[J]. Chinese Geographical Science, 2018, 28(2): 231-246. doi: 10.1007/s11769-017-0927-1

City Networks of Online Commodity Services in China: Empirical Analysis of Tmall Clothing and Electronic Retailers

doi: 10.1007/s11769-017-0927-1

1.
School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China;
2.
School of Geographic and Oceanographic Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China

Funds: Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41571146, 41701178), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2016M600393), Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (No. BK20170639)

More Information

Corresponding author: ZHEN Feng.E-mail:Zhenfeng@nju.edu.cn
Received Date: 2017-05-09
Rev Recd Date: 2017-08-25
Publish Date: 2018-04-27

Abstract

City networks have been a critical topic in the fields of urban geography and regional economics. Numerous studies have explored city networks, focusing mainly on infrastructure and industrial networks. Unlike traditional urban network of which the major measuring indexes are population sizes and entity industries, online commodity service networks could reflect well the influencing of emerging economies, especially the Internet economy, on city networks. This study analyzes and reveals structural features of China's city networks through online commodity services, providing the internet economic approach on city networks. Results indicate that the core cities of online commodity service networks are mainly concentrated in eastern coastal areas. In addition, spatial polarization and layer structure of network connections are obvious, descending from the centers in eastern China to peripheral cities in central and western China. Online commodity services of different cities show apparent differences and uncertainties in terms of specialization rates of international connection, which presents a tendency toward diversification. Online commodity service networks are not only associated with goods production, supply, and consumption in physical space but also reflect virtual information, capital, and technology flows, thus providing a new empirical approach for understanding city networks in information and internet economic age.
- city networks,
- online commodity services,
- intercity relationships,
- specialization

References

[1]	Anderson W P, Chatterjee L, Lakshmanan T R, 2003.E-commerce, transportation, and economic geography. Growth and Change, 34(4):415-432. doi: 10.1046/j.0017-4815.2003.00228.x
[2]	Bolwig S, Ponte S, Du Toit A et al., 2008. Integrating poverty, gender and environmental concerns into value chain analysis:a conceptual framework and lessons for action research. DⅡS Working Paper No.16. Copenhagen:DⅡS.
[3]	Brown E, Derudder B, Parnreiter C et al., 2010. World city networks and global commodity chains:towards a world-systems' integration. Global Networks, 10(1):12-34. doi:10.1111/j. 1471-0374.2010.00272.x
[4]	Cao X Y, Chen Q, Choo S, 2013. Geographic Distribution of E-shopping:application of structural equation models in the twin cities of Minnesota. Transportation Research Record:Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2383:18-26. doi: 10.3141/2383-03
[5]	Census Bureau. Estimated quarterly U.S. retail sales (Adjusted):total and e-commerce. U.S.:Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/retail/.2015.
[6]	CINIC (China Internet Network Information Center), 2015. The 38th survey report on internet development in China. Beijing:CNNIC. http://www.cnnic.net.cn/hlwfzyj/hlwxzbg/hlwtjbg/201608/P020160803367337470363.pdf. 2015. (in Chinese)
[7]	CINIC (China Internet Network Information Center), 2016. The survey report on online shopping markets in China. Beijing:CNNIC. http://www.cnnic.net.cn/hlwfzyj/hlwxzbg/dzswbg/201606/P02160721526975632273.pdf.2016. (in Chinese)
[8]	Cohen R, 1981. The new international division of labour, multinational corporations, and urban hierarchy. In:Dear M and Scott A (eds). Urbanization and Urban Planning in Capitalist Society. London:Methuen, 287-315.
[9]	Daviron B, Ponte S, 2005. The Coffee Paradox:Global Markets, Commodity Trade and the Elusive Promise of Development. London:Zed Books.
[10]	Derudder B, Taylor P J, Witlox F et al., 2003. Hierarchical tendencies and regional patterns in the world city network:a global urban analysis of 234 cities. Regional Studies, 37(9):875-886. doi: 10.1080/0034340032000143887
[11]	Derudder B, Witlox F, 2008. Mapping world city networks through airline flows:context, relevance, and problems. Journal of Transport Geography, 16(5):305-312. doi:10.1016/j. jtrangeo.2007.12.005
[12]	Du Xiaojuan, Zhen Feng, Chang Enyu, 2016. China's city system based on the potential energy of electronic commerce and its formation mechanism:a case study on Alibaba. Economic Geography, 36(9):49-57. (in Chinese)
[13]	Friedmann J, Wolff G, 1982. World city formation:an agenda for research and action. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 6(3):309-344. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2427. 1982.tb00384.x
[14]	Friedmann J, 1986. The world city hypothesis. Development and Change, 17(1):69-83. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7660.1986.tb00231.x
[15]	Gereffi G, Korzeniewicz M, 1994. Commodity Chains and Global Capitalism. Westport:Praeger.
[16]	Graham S, 1998. The end of geography or the explosion of place? Conceptualizing space, place and information technology. Progress in Human Geography, 22(2):165-185. doi: 10.1191/030913298671334137
[17]	Hashimoto K, 2002. Information network and the distribution space in Japan:a case study of consumer goods manufacturers in Japan. Netcom, 16(1/2):17-28.
[18]	Kellerman A, 2000. Where does it happen? The location of the production and consumption of web information. Journal of Urban Technology, 7(1):45-61. doi: 10.1080/713684101
[19]	Lao X, Zhang X L, Shen T Y et al., 2016. Comparing China's city transportation and economic networks. Cities, 53:43-50. doi: 10.1016/j.cities.2016.01.006
[20]	Liu X J, Derudder B, 2012. Two-mode networks and the interlocking world city network model:a reply to Neal. Geographical Analysis, 44(2):171-173. doi:10.1111/j.1538-4632. 2012.00844.x
[21]	Liu X J, Derudder B, 2013. Analyzing urban networks through the lens of corporate networks:A critical review. Cities, 31:430-437. doi: 10.1016/j.cities.2012.07.009
[22]	Loo B P Y, Wang B, 2017. Progress of e-development in China since 1998. Telecommunications Policy. doi:10.1016/j.telpol. 2017.03.001
[23]	Malecki E J, 2002. The economic geography of the Internet's infrastructure. Economic Geography, 78(4):399-424. doi: 10.2307/4140796
[24]	Malecki E J, 2013. The geography of the internet:cities, regions and internet infrastructure in Europe. Regional Studies, 47(8):1375-1376. doi: 10.1080/00343404.2013.821220
[25]	Moriset B, Malecki E J, 2009. Organization versus space:the paradoxical geographies of the digital economy. Geography Compass, 3(1):256-274. doi:10.1111/j.1749-8198.2008. 00203.x
[26]	Moss M L, Townsend A M, 2000. The internet backbone and the american metropolis. The Information Society, 16(1), 35-47.doi: 10.1080/019722400128310
[27]	Neal Z P, 2016. Well connected compared to what? Rethinking frames of reference in world city network research. Environment and Planning A, doi: 10.1177/0308518X16631339
[28]	O'Brien R, 1992. Global Financial Integration:The End of Geography. New York:Council on Foreign Relations Press.
[29]	Pereira R A O, Derudder B, 2010. Determinants of dynamics in the world city network, 2000-2004. Urban Studies, 47(9):1949-1967. doi: 10.1177/0042098010372678
[30]	Rossi E C, Beaverstock J V, Taylor P J, 2007. Transaction links through cities:‘decision cities’ and ‘service cities’ in outsourcing by leading Brazilian firms. Geoforum, 38(4):628-642. doi: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2006.11.005
[31]	Sassen S, 1991. The Global City. Princeton:Princeton University Press. Taylor P J, 2001. Specification of the world city network. Geographical Analysis, 33(2):181-194. doi:10.1111/j.1538-4632. 2001.tb00443.x
[32]	Taylor P J, Catalano G, Walker D R F, 2002. Exploratory analysis of the world city network. Urban Studies, 39(13):2377-2394. doi: 10.1080/0042098022000027013
[33]	Taylor P J, 2005. Leading world cities:empirical evaluations of urban nodes in multiple networks. Urban Studies, 42(9):1593-1608. doi: 10.1080/00420980500185504
[34]	Townsend A M, 2001. Network cities and the global structure of the Internet. American Behavioral Scientist, 44(10):1697-1716. doi: 10.1177/00027640121957998
[35]	Vind I, Fold N, 2010. City networks and commodity chains:identifying global flows and local connections in Ho Chi Minh City. Global Networks, 10(1):54-74. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0374.2010.00274.x
[36]	Wang Bo, Zhen Feng, Xi Guangliang et al., 2013. A study of cybergeography based on micro-blog users' relationship:with a case of Sina micro-blog. Geographical Research, 32(2):380-391. (in Chinese)
[37]	Wang Bo, Zhen Feng, Wei Zongcai et al., 2015. A theoretical framework and methodology for urban activity spatial structure in e-society:empirical evidence for Nanjing City, China. Chinese Geographical Science, 25(6):672-683. doi:10.1007/s 11769-015-0751-4
[38]	Wang J J, Cheng M C, 2010. From a hub port city to a global supply chain management center:a case study of Hong Kong. Journal of Transport Geography, 18(1):104-115. doi:10. 1016/j.jtrangeo.2009.02.009
[39]	Wang Mingfeng, Ning Yuemin, 2004. The internet and the rise of information network cities in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 59(3):446-454. (in Chinese)
[40]	Wang Mingfeng, Lu Shan, 2011. Exploring the spatial organization of online retailing:a case study of Dangdang.com. Geographical Research, 30(6):965-976. (in Chinese)
[41]	Wilson M W, Graham M, 2013. Situating neogeography. Environment and Planning A, 45(1):3-9. doi: 10.1068/a44482
[42]	Wyckoff A, Colecchia A, 1999. Economic and Social Impact of electronic commerce:Preliminary Findings and Research Agenda. Paris:OECD Publishing.
[43]	Xi Guangliang, Zhen Feng, Wang Xia et al., 2014. Study on the influencing factors and spatial characteristics of residents' online consumption in Nanjing. Geographical Research, 33(2):284-295. (in Chinese)
[44]	Xi Guangliang, Zhen Feng, Zhang Min et al., 2015. Spatio-temporal evolution and regional connection of online consumption:a case study on Jingdong mall. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 35(11):1372-1380. (in Chinese)
[45]	Zhang P, He C F, Sun Y F, 2014. Agglomeration economies and firm R&D efforts:an analysis of China's electronics and telecommunications industries. The Annals of Regional Science, 53(3):671-701. doi: 10.1007/s00168-014-0638-9
[46]	Zhao Miaoxi, Wu Kang, Liu Xingjian et al., 2015. A novel method for approximating intercity networks:an empirical comparison for validating the city networks in two Chinese city-regions. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 25(3):337-354. doi: 10.1007/s11442-015-1172-0
[47]	Zhen Feng, Wang Bo, Chen Yingxue, 2012. China's city network characteristics based on social network space:an empirical analysis of Sina micro-blog. Acta Geographica Sinica, 67(8):1031-1043. (in Chinese)
[48]	Zhen F, Wang B, Wei Z C, 2015. The rise of the internet city in China:production and consumption of internet information. Urban Studies, 52(13):2313-2329. doi:10.1177/0042098014 547369
[49]	Zhen F, Wang B, Chen Y X, 2016. Research on China's city network based on users' friend relationships in online social networks:a case study of Sina Weibo. GeoJournal, 81(6):937-946. doi: 10.1007/s10708-016-9743-x
[50]	Zook M A, 2001. Old hierarchies or new networks of centrality?:the global geography of the internet content market. American Behavioral Scientist, 44(10):1679-1696. doi:10.1177/000276 40121958113

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通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

1.
沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142

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City Networks of Online Commodity Services in China: Empirical Analysis of Tmall Clothing and Electronic Retailers

1. School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China;

2. School of Geographic and Oceanographic Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China

Corresponding author: ZHEN Feng.E-mail:Zhenfeng@nju.edu.cn

Received Date: 2017-05-09

Rev Recd Date: 2017-08-25

Publish Date: 2018-04-27

Key words:

Abstract: City networks have been a critical topic in the fields of urban geography and regional economics. Numerous studies have explored city networks, focusing mainly on infrastructure and industrial networks. Unlike traditional urban network of which the major measuring indexes are population sizes and entity industries, online commodity service networks could reflect well the influencing of emerging economies, especially the Internet economy, on city networks. This study analyzes and reveals structural features of China's city networks through online commodity services, providing the internet economic approach on city networks. Results indicate that the core cities of online commodity service networks are mainly concentrated in eastern coastal areas. In addition, spatial polarization and layer structure of network connections are obvious, descending from the centers in eastern China to peripheral cities in central and western China. Online commodity services of different cities show apparent differences and uncertainties in terms of specialization rates of international connection, which presents a tendency toward diversification. Online commodity service networks are not only associated with goods production, supply, and consumption in physical space but also reflect virtual information, capital, and technology flows, thus providing a new empirical approach for understanding city networks in information and internet economic age.

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Reference (50)

[1]	Anderson W P, Chatterjee L, Lakshmanan T R, 2003.E-commerce, transportation, and economic geography. Growth and Change, 34(4):415-432. doi:10.1046/j.0017-4815.2003.00228.x
[2]	Bolwig S, Ponte S, Du Toit A et al., 2008. Integrating poverty, gender and environmental concerns into value chain analysis:a conceptual framework and lessons for action research. DⅡS Working Paper No.16. Copenhagen:DⅡS.
[3]	Brown E, Derudder B, Parnreiter C et al., 2010. World city networks and global commodity chains:towards a world-systems' integration. Global Networks, 10(1):12-34. doi:10.1111/j. 1471-0374.2010.00272.x
[4]	Cao X Y, Chen Q, Choo S, 2013. Geographic Distribution of E-shopping:application of structural equation models in the twin cities of Minnesota. Transportation Research Record:Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2383:18-26. doi:10.3141/2383-03
[5]	Census Bureau. Estimated quarterly U.S. retail sales (Adjusted):total and e-commerce. U.S.:Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/retail/.2015.
[6]	CINIC (China Internet Network Information Center), 2015. The 38th survey report on internet development in China. Beijing:CNNIC. http://www.cnnic.net.cn/hlwfzyj/hlwxzbg/hlwtjbg/201608/P020160803367337470363.pdf. 2015. (in Chinese)
[7]	CINIC (China Internet Network Information Center), 2016. The survey report on online shopping markets in China. Beijing:CNNIC. http://www.cnnic.net.cn/hlwfzyj/hlwxzbg/dzswbg/201606/P02160721526975632273.pdf.2016. (in Chinese)
[8]	Cohen R, 1981. The new international division of labour, multinational corporations, and urban hierarchy. In:Dear M and Scott A (eds). Urbanization and Urban Planning in Capitalist Society. London:Methuen, 287-315.
[9]	Daviron B, Ponte S, 2005. The Coffee Paradox:Global Markets, Commodity Trade and the Elusive Promise of Development. London:Zed Books.
[10]	Derudder B, Taylor P J, Witlox F et al., 2003. Hierarchical tendencies and regional patterns in the world city network:a global urban analysis of 234 cities. Regional Studies, 37(9):875-886. doi:10.1080/0034340032000143887
[11]	Derudder B, Witlox F, 2008. Mapping world city networks through airline flows:context, relevance, and problems. Journal of Transport Geography, 16(5):305-312. doi:10.1016/j. jtrangeo.2007.12.005
[12]	Du Xiaojuan, Zhen Feng, Chang Enyu, 2016. China's city system based on the potential energy of electronic commerce and its formation mechanism:a case study on Alibaba. Economic Geography, 36(9):49-57. (in Chinese)
[13]	Friedmann J, Wolff G, 1982. World city formation:an agenda for research and action. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 6(3):309-344. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2427. 1982.tb00384.x
[14]	Friedmann J, 1986. The world city hypothesis. Development and Change, 17(1):69-83. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1986.tb00231.x
[15]	Gereffi G, Korzeniewicz M, 1994. Commodity Chains and Global Capitalism. Westport:Praeger.
[16]	Graham S, 1998. The end of geography or the explosion of place? Conceptualizing space, place and information technology. Progress in Human Geography, 22(2):165-185. doi:10.1191/030913298671334137
[17]	Hashimoto K, 2002. Information network and the distribution space in Japan:a case study of consumer goods manufacturers in Japan. Netcom, 16(1/2):17-28.
[18]	Kellerman A, 2000. Where does it happen? The location of the production and consumption of web information. Journal of Urban Technology, 7(1):45-61. doi:10.1080/713684101
[19]	Lao X, Zhang X L, Shen T Y et al., 2016. Comparing China's city transportation and economic networks. Cities, 53:43-50. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2016.01.006
[20]	Liu X J, Derudder B, 2012. Two-mode networks and the interlocking world city network model:a reply to Neal. Geographical Analysis, 44(2):171-173. doi:10.1111/j.1538-4632. 2012.00844.x
[21]	Liu X J, Derudder B, 2013. Analyzing urban networks through the lens of corporate networks:A critical review. Cities, 31:430-437. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2012.07.009
[22]	Loo B P Y, Wang B, 2017. Progress of e-development in China since 1998. Telecommunications Policy. doi:10.1016/j.telpol. 2017.03.001
[23]	Malecki E J, 2002. The economic geography of the Internet's infrastructure. Economic Geography, 78(4):399-424. doi:10.2307/4140796
[24]	Malecki E J, 2013. The geography of the internet:cities, regions and internet infrastructure in Europe. Regional Studies, 47(8):1375-1376. doi:10.1080/00343404.2013.821220
[25]	Moriset B, Malecki E J, 2009. Organization versus space:the paradoxical geographies of the digital economy. Geography Compass, 3(1):256-274. doi:10.1111/j.1749-8198.2008. 00203.x
[26]	Moss M L, Townsend A M, 2000. The internet backbone and the american metropolis. The Information Society, 16(1), 35-47.doi:10.1080/019722400128310
[27]	Neal Z P, 2016. Well connected compared to what? Rethinking frames of reference in world city network research. Environment and Planning A, doi:10.1177/0308518X16631339
[28]	O'Brien R, 1992. Global Financial Integration:The End of Geography. New York:Council on Foreign Relations Press.
[29]	Pereira R A O, Derudder B, 2010. Determinants of dynamics in the world city network, 2000-2004. Urban Studies, 47(9):1949-1967. doi:10.1177/0042098010372678
[30]	Rossi E C, Beaverstock J V, Taylor P J, 2007. Transaction links through cities:‘decision cities’ and ‘service cities’ in outsourcing by leading Brazilian firms. Geoforum, 38(4):628-642. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2006.11.005
[31]	Sassen S, 1991. The Global City. Princeton:Princeton University Press. Taylor P J, 2001. Specification of the world city network. Geographical Analysis, 33(2):181-194. doi:10.1111/j.1538-4632. 2001.tb00443.x
[32]	Taylor P J, Catalano G, Walker D R F, 2002. Exploratory analysis of the world city network. Urban Studies, 39(13):2377-2394. doi:10.1080/0042098022000027013
[33]	Taylor P J, 2005. Leading world cities:empirical evaluations of urban nodes in multiple networks. Urban Studies, 42(9):1593-1608. doi:10.1080/00420980500185504
[34]	Townsend A M, 2001. Network cities and the global structure of the Internet. American Behavioral Scientist, 44(10):1697-1716. doi:10.1177/00027640121957998
[35]	Vind I, Fold N, 2010. City networks and commodity chains:identifying global flows and local connections in Ho Chi Minh City. Global Networks, 10(1):54-74. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0374.2010.00274.x
[36]	Wang Bo, Zhen Feng, Xi Guangliang et al., 2013. A study of cybergeography based on micro-blog users' relationship:with a case of Sina micro-blog. Geographical Research, 32(2):380-391. (in Chinese)
[37]	Wang Bo, Zhen Feng, Wei Zongcai et al., 2015. A theoretical framework and methodology for urban activity spatial structure in e-society:empirical evidence for Nanjing City, China. Chinese Geographical Science, 25(6):672-683. doi:10.1007/s 11769-015-0751-4
[38]	Wang J J, Cheng M C, 2010. From a hub port city to a global supply chain management center:a case study of Hong Kong. Journal of Transport Geography, 18(1):104-115. doi:10. 1016/j.jtrangeo.2009.02.009
[39]	Wang Mingfeng, Ning Yuemin, 2004. The internet and the rise of information network cities in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 59(3):446-454. (in Chinese)
[40]	Wang Mingfeng, Lu Shan, 2011. Exploring the spatial organization of online retailing:a case study of Dangdang.com. Geographical Research, 30(6):965-976. (in Chinese)
[41]	Wilson M W, Graham M, 2013. Situating neogeography. Environment and Planning A, 45(1):3-9. doi:10.1068/a44482
[42]	Wyckoff A, Colecchia A, 1999. Economic and Social Impact of electronic commerce:Preliminary Findings and Research Agenda. Paris:OECD Publishing.
[43]	Xi Guangliang, Zhen Feng, Wang Xia et al., 2014. Study on the influencing factors and spatial characteristics of residents' online consumption in Nanjing. Geographical Research, 33(2):284-295. (in Chinese)
[44]	Xi Guangliang, Zhen Feng, Zhang Min et al., 2015. Spatio-temporal evolution and regional connection of online consumption:a case study on Jingdong mall. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 35(11):1372-1380. (in Chinese)
[45]	Zhang P, He C F, Sun Y F, 2014. Agglomeration economies and firm R&D efforts:an analysis of China's electronics and telecommunications industries. The Annals of Regional Science, 53(3):671-701. doi:10.1007/s00168-014-0638-9
[46]	Zhao Miaoxi, Wu Kang, Liu Xingjian et al., 2015. A novel method for approximating intercity networks:an empirical comparison for validating the city networks in two Chinese city-regions. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 25(3):337-354. doi:10.1007/s11442-015-1172-0
[47]	Zhen Feng, Wang Bo, Chen Yingxue, 2012. China's city network characteristics based on social network space:an empirical analysis of Sina micro-blog. Acta Geographica Sinica, 67(8):1031-1043. (in Chinese)
[48]	Zhen F, Wang B, Wei Z C, 2015. The rise of the internet city in China:production and consumption of internet information. Urban Studies, 52(13):2313-2329. doi:10.1177/0042098014 547369
[49]	Zhen F, Wang B, Chen Y X, 2016. Research on China's city network based on users' friend relationships in online social networks:a case study of Sina Weibo. GeoJournal, 81(6):937-946. doi:10.1007/s10708-016-9743-x
[50]	Zook M A, 2001. Old hierarchies or new networks of centrality?:the global geography of the internet content market. American Behavioral Scientist, 44(10):1679-1696. doi:10.1177/000276 40121958113

City Networks of Online Commodity Services in China: Empirical Analysis of Tmall Clothing and Electronic Retailers

doi: 10.1007/s11769-017-0927-1

Abstract

References

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通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

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