1998 Vol. 8, No. 2
Display Method:
1998, 8(2): 97-105.
Abstract:
Economic development of Three Gorges Reservoir Area remains backward. Here, per capita GNP and per capita national income are far less than that of Sichuan Province, Hubei Province and China respectively. Its industrial structure shows the characteristics of early phase of industrializing process. Economic development of the counties close to Chongqing City and Yichang City are more advanced than these counties located in the central part of the reservoir area. At present, economic development for the reservoir area runs into the difficulties: low profit in the leading industries, loss incurred in state owned enterprises, small scale in most of enterprises and weak economic core of the cities and towns in the area. It is the best way for the reservoir area to wage protracted struggle against poverty and to carry out sustainable development strategy for its long term development. For practising the strategy, it is necessary to lay stress on its infrastructural construction; meanwhile it should make up an optimal composition for distributing fund, allocating enterprises and choosing ownerships. It is also necessary to make strenuous efforts to promote the tertiary sector. In short, it can not catch with the development level of the country average unless exerting several decades efforts.
Economic development of Three Gorges Reservoir Area remains backward. Here, per capita GNP and per capita national income are far less than that of Sichuan Province, Hubei Province and China respectively. Its industrial structure shows the characteristics of early phase of industrializing process. Economic development of the counties close to Chongqing City and Yichang City are more advanced than these counties located in the central part of the reservoir area. At present, economic development for the reservoir area runs into the difficulties: low profit in the leading industries, loss incurred in state owned enterprises, small scale in most of enterprises and weak economic core of the cities and towns in the area. It is the best way for the reservoir area to wage protracted struggle against poverty and to carry out sustainable development strategy for its long term development. For practising the strategy, it is necessary to lay stress on its infrastructural construction; meanwhile it should make up an optimal composition for distributing fund, allocating enterprises and choosing ownerships. It is also necessary to make strenuous efforts to promote the tertiary sector. In short, it can not catch with the development level of the country average unless exerting several decades efforts.
1998, 8(2): 106-116.
Abstract:
Taking the development of export oriented economy (the strength and temporal sequence) as a main line, this paper discusses and analyses the position and role of Wuhan, which is the biggest metropolis in the central China and the middle section of the Changjiang(Yangtze) River basin, in the regional economic macro strategy of China from a new visual sight. On the basis of the background of a large economic triangle constructed by Hongkong, Wuhan and Shanghai, the paper discusses the relations between Wuhan and Hongkong, Wuhan and Shanghai. The aim of the paper is to provide some new evidences for the development of great regional economy of China under the co-propelling of the three great economic pivots.
Taking the development of export oriented economy (the strength and temporal sequence) as a main line, this paper discusses and analyses the position and role of Wuhan, which is the biggest metropolis in the central China and the middle section of the Changjiang(Yangtze) River basin, in the regional economic macro strategy of China from a new visual sight. On the basis of the background of a large economic triangle constructed by Hongkong, Wuhan and Shanghai, the paper discusses the relations between Wuhan and Hongkong, Wuhan and Shanghai. The aim of the paper is to provide some new evidences for the development of great regional economy of China under the co-propelling of the three great economic pivots.
1998, 8(2): 117-125.
Abstract:
As there are many heavily sediment laden rivers in China, with high sediment concentration and a large quantity of sediment load, the sedimentation problems of the reservoirs built on those rivers are so serious that the amount of sediment deposited in the reservoirs is great and the rate of sedimentation is accelerated. According to the statistics, up to the end of 1981, a total amount of 11.5×109m3 of sediment were accumulated in those reservoirs, i.e. 14.2% of the total designed capacity were lost. The average annual loss in storage capacity reached 2.3 percent, being the highest in the world. Silting of impounding lakes not only has an effect on the benefits of the reservoirs and seriously threatens the life of reservoirs, but also results in many environmental problems which were not fully estimated in the planning of the reservoirs. In this paper, the situation of reservoir deposition in China are described from the following aspects: 1) the characteristics of hydrology and sediment of the rivers; 2) the seriousness of reservoir sedimentation in China; 3) problems caused by reservoir deposition; 4) the methods of minimizing sediment deposition, etc.
As there are many heavily sediment laden rivers in China, with high sediment concentration and a large quantity of sediment load, the sedimentation problems of the reservoirs built on those rivers are so serious that the amount of sediment deposited in the reservoirs is great and the rate of sedimentation is accelerated. According to the statistics, up to the end of 1981, a total amount of 11.5×109m3 of sediment were accumulated in those reservoirs, i.e. 14.2% of the total designed capacity were lost. The average annual loss in storage capacity reached 2.3 percent, being the highest in the world. Silting of impounding lakes not only has an effect on the benefits of the reservoirs and seriously threatens the life of reservoirs, but also results in many environmental problems which were not fully estimated in the planning of the reservoirs. In this paper, the situation of reservoir deposition in China are described from the following aspects: 1) the characteristics of hydrology and sediment of the rivers; 2) the seriousness of reservoir sedimentation in China; 3) problems caused by reservoir deposition; 4) the methods of minimizing sediment deposition, etc.
1998, 8(2): 126-135.
Abstract:
After the survey of pollution sources, a study on surface water quality assessment and forecast is given by means of grey system method, fuzzy mathematical method and multiple index method. Based on it, aquatic environment quality features, treatment measures and environmental strategies of the area are proposed. The quality of aquatic environment of 5 rivers in the Tumen River area is studied. The results show that the pollution of surface water is serious; water quality of most rivers is between grade IV and V except the Hunchun River, being higher than grade IV standard; pollution levels of most rivers have been basically controlled except the of Burhatong River, which is deteriorating gradually. Pollutants of the rivers are comparatively regular, mainly are SS, COD, BOD, AR OH, NH3N. The main pollution trades are chemical fibre industry, pulp and paper making industry and mining industry. If the growth rate of gross industrial product is higher than 25 percent under the encouraging model of regional exploitation, the pollutants' load will overtake the bearing capacity of aquatic environment. Thus some protection program against pollution must be worked out in order to achieve the harmonious development of economy society and environment.
After the survey of pollution sources, a study on surface water quality assessment and forecast is given by means of grey system method, fuzzy mathematical method and multiple index method. Based on it, aquatic environment quality features, treatment measures and environmental strategies of the area are proposed. The quality of aquatic environment of 5 rivers in the Tumen River area is studied. The results show that the pollution of surface water is serious; water quality of most rivers is between grade IV and V except the Hunchun River, being higher than grade IV standard; pollution levels of most rivers have been basically controlled except the of Burhatong River, which is deteriorating gradually. Pollutants of the rivers are comparatively regular, mainly are SS, COD, BOD, AR OH, NH3N. The main pollution trades are chemical fibre industry, pulp and paper making industry and mining industry. If the growth rate of gross industrial product is higher than 25 percent under the encouraging model of regional exploitation, the pollutants' load will overtake the bearing capacity of aquatic environment. Thus some protection program against pollution must be worked out in order to achieve the harmonious development of economy society and environment.
1998, 8(2): 136-143.
Abstract:
The formation and development of urban agglomeration districts are the inevitable trend of modern urban evolution. Owing to the differences of formation background, urbanized way and process of different cities in the world, the feature and formation mechanism of urban agglomeration districts in the world present obvious spatial differences. The paper inquires into the structure feature, formation mechanism and development trend of different kinds of Chinese urban agglomeration districts by studying four big urban agglomeration districts: Jing Jin Tang (Beijing Tianjin Tangshan), the middle and south of Liaoning, Hu Ning Hang (Shanghai Nanjing Hangzhou), and Zhujiang River delta. The paper wants to promote the formation and development of theory and practice system of Chinese urban agglomeration districts.
The formation and development of urban agglomeration districts are the inevitable trend of modern urban evolution. Owing to the differences of formation background, urbanized way and process of different cities in the world, the feature and formation mechanism of urban agglomeration districts in the world present obvious spatial differences. The paper inquires into the structure feature, formation mechanism and development trend of different kinds of Chinese urban agglomeration districts by studying four big urban agglomeration districts: Jing Jin Tang (Beijing Tianjin Tangshan), the middle and south of Liaoning, Hu Ning Hang (Shanghai Nanjing Hangzhou), and Zhujiang River delta. The paper wants to promote the formation and development of theory and practice system of Chinese urban agglomeration districts.
1998, 8(2): 144-151.
Abstract:
Landscapes of the Nansha Islands may be divided into five types: tropical marine organism breeding landscape of reef knoll like Zengmu Shoal, Wan'an Bank and so on; tropical marine organism breeding landscape of atoll including all emerged reefs and most submerged reefs; tropical evergreen arbor bush forest and phosphorous lime soil landscape of limesand Islets like Taiping Islet, Nanwei islet and so on; tropical shallow sea marine organism breeding landscape of southern continental shelf; tropical oceanic and deep sea marine organism landscape in middle and north parts of the Nansha Islands area. These five landscape types may be also summed up as two categories, one is tropical sea landscape including those in shallow and deep sea, the other is tropical coral reef landscape including those of reef knoll, atoll and limesand islet. This paper outlines the evolutional model of landscapes of the Nansha Islands. The distribution and evolution of landscape types are related with palaeogeography and modern environmental conditions. The former shallow sea of the Nansha islands was coastal zone in the Late Pleistocene epoch. Deep sea is evolved from shallow sea due to long and slow subsidence of crust. Modern coral reefs develop on old reef top of the Late pleistocene epoch or on baserock of continental shelf in the Holocene due to the rise of sea level in postglacial. Limesand islet is in the peak of developmental stage.
Landscapes of the Nansha Islands may be divided into five types: tropical marine organism breeding landscape of reef knoll like Zengmu Shoal, Wan'an Bank and so on; tropical marine organism breeding landscape of atoll including all emerged reefs and most submerged reefs; tropical evergreen arbor bush forest and phosphorous lime soil landscape of limesand Islets like Taiping Islet, Nanwei islet and so on; tropical shallow sea marine organism breeding landscape of southern continental shelf; tropical oceanic and deep sea marine organism landscape in middle and north parts of the Nansha Islands area. These five landscape types may be also summed up as two categories, one is tropical sea landscape including those in shallow and deep sea, the other is tropical coral reef landscape including those of reef knoll, atoll and limesand islet. This paper outlines the evolutional model of landscapes of the Nansha Islands. The distribution and evolution of landscape types are related with palaeogeography and modern environmental conditions. The former shallow sea of the Nansha islands was coastal zone in the Late Pleistocene epoch. Deep sea is evolved from shallow sea due to long and slow subsidence of crust. Modern coral reefs develop on old reef top of the Late pleistocene epoch or on baserock of continental shelf in the Holocene due to the rise of sea level in postglacial. Limesand islet is in the peak of developmental stage.
1998, 8(2): 152-160.
Abstract:
There are 463 species of woody plant, belonging to 166 genera and 70 families in Shanxi, North China. The floristic composition types of genera and species are abundant, in which the compositions distributed in temperate zones (including North Temperate, Old World Temperate and Temperate Asia), having 62 genera, are dominant and account for 38.27% in total genera (except for Cosmopolitan), and they are major constructive or dominant species of vegetation in Shanxi. The floristic compositions of woody plants of Shanxi, Hebei, Beijing, Shandong, Henan, Jiangxi and Inner Mongolia were studied comparatively by using diversity index, principal component analysis(PCA) and group average clustering, respectively. The floristic composition of Shanxi was considerably similar to that of Hebei, Beijing and Shandong because they shared a lot of genera, specially genera distributed in temperate regions, such as Rosa, Quercus, Populus, Salix, Acer, Ulmus, Pinus etc . and their eco environment were considerably similar. However, the flora of Shanxi was comparatively different from that of Henan, Jiangxi and Inner Mongolia by reason that there were distinct differences among their eco geographic conditions, floristic compositions and constructive or dominant species of dominant vegetation types.
There are 463 species of woody plant, belonging to 166 genera and 70 families in Shanxi, North China. The floristic composition types of genera and species are abundant, in which the compositions distributed in temperate zones (including North Temperate, Old World Temperate and Temperate Asia), having 62 genera, are dominant and account for 38.27% in total genera (except for Cosmopolitan), and they are major constructive or dominant species of vegetation in Shanxi. The floristic compositions of woody plants of Shanxi, Hebei, Beijing, Shandong, Henan, Jiangxi and Inner Mongolia were studied comparatively by using diversity index, principal component analysis(PCA) and group average clustering, respectively. The floristic composition of Shanxi was considerably similar to that of Hebei, Beijing and Shandong because they shared a lot of genera, specially genera distributed in temperate regions, such as Rosa, Quercus, Populus, Salix, Acer, Ulmus, Pinus etc . and their eco environment were considerably similar. However, the flora of Shanxi was comparatively different from that of Henan, Jiangxi and Inner Mongolia by reason that there were distinct differences among their eco geographic conditions, floristic compositions and constructive or dominant species of dominant vegetation types.
1998, 8(2): 161-167.
Abstract:
Through analysis of perpendicular vegetation index (PVI) from combination of visible and near infrared spectrums reflecting the feature of crop reflectance, we come to the conclusion that the index can better indicate crop instantaneous photosynthesis whereas people generally regard it as the representation of crop leaf area index(LAI). Exploration of crop photosynthesis within a day and its period of duration leads to production of photosynthetic vegetation index (PST) that can reflect the whole crop accumulated photosynthesis, which means the total biomass produced by crop, moreover the method simulating PST is put forward by employment of multi temporal spectrum parameters. On the basis of the achievements mentioned above, a new comprehensive model for remote sensing estimation of maize yield is established, which can comprehensively show major physiological actions of maize and the course of its yield formation, organically integrate various effective ways of crop yield estimation. It lays a solid foundation for carrying out remote sensing estimation of maize yield on a large scale.
Through analysis of perpendicular vegetation index (PVI) from combination of visible and near infrared spectrums reflecting the feature of crop reflectance, we come to the conclusion that the index can better indicate crop instantaneous photosynthesis whereas people generally regard it as the representation of crop leaf area index(LAI). Exploration of crop photosynthesis within a day and its period of duration leads to production of photosynthetic vegetation index (PST) that can reflect the whole crop accumulated photosynthesis, which means the total biomass produced by crop, moreover the method simulating PST is put forward by employment of multi temporal spectrum parameters. On the basis of the achievements mentioned above, a new comprehensive model for remote sensing estimation of maize yield is established, which can comprehensively show major physiological actions of maize and the course of its yield formation, organically integrate various effective ways of crop yield estimation. It lays a solid foundation for carrying out remote sensing estimation of maize yield on a large scale.
1998, 8(2): 168-175.
Abstract:
Barchan dune is one of the basic forms of eolian landform, it is usually moulded by high concentration non saturated wind sand flow. The formation process of barchan dune begins from “wave grain duality” of wind sand movement, and goes through two developmental stages of sand material accumulating (high concertration saturated wind sand flow) and dune form moulding (high concentration non saturated wind sand flow), i.e. the processes of dissipative increase and dispersive decrease. The scattered single barchan dunes on non sandy bed surface have obvious characteristics of mobility and unstability (not including barchan sand hill). The formation of barchan dune in wind tunnel (its dune scale is one order of magnitude larger than sand ripple scale) is helpful to know the formation mechanism of barchan dunes.
Barchan dune is one of the basic forms of eolian landform, it is usually moulded by high concentration non saturated wind sand flow. The formation process of barchan dune begins from “wave grain duality” of wind sand movement, and goes through two developmental stages of sand material accumulating (high concertration saturated wind sand flow) and dune form moulding (high concentration non saturated wind sand flow), i.e. the processes of dissipative increase and dispersive decrease. The scattered single barchan dunes on non sandy bed surface have obvious characteristics of mobility and unstability (not including barchan sand hill). The formation of barchan dune in wind tunnel (its dune scale is one order of magnitude larger than sand ripple scale) is helpful to know the formation mechanism of barchan dunes.
1998, 8(2): 176-182.
Abstract:
Based on the δ13C and δ18C fluctuation of lacustrine carbonate, CaCO3 content and sporo pollen data, a palaeoclimatic history of Bosten Lake during the Holocene has been outlined, several stages of climatic changes are divided, and the following result es are obtained: (1) Palaeoclimatic changes revealed by carbonate isotope around Bosten Lake are basically identical with that revealed by other geological records in Xinjiang. Environmental changes presented apparent Westlies Style model: during cold period, relative humidity increased, 18O, 13C and CaCO3 appeared low; but in warm periods, the dry regime aggravated. (2) The temperature reflected by δ18C exist evident features being increase in the late period during the Holocene. Together with the δ13C, pollen and CaCO3 analyses, several cold and warm phases which are of broad regional significance can be identified. The warm peaks occurred at about 11.0 ka B.P., 9.4 ka B.P., 7.5 ka B.P., 5.0 ka B.P., 3.0 ka B.P. and 2.0 ka B.P.; the cold peaks at 11.5 ka B.P., 10.5 ka B.P., 8.8 ka B.P., 5.5 ka B.P., 3.3 ka B.P., 2.2 ka B.P. and 1.5 ka B.P.. (3) Several climatic events with the nature of “abrupt climatic changes” are revealed in the periods of 11.0 ka B.P.-10.5 ka B.P., 9.4 ka B.P.-8.8 ka B.P., 5.5 ka B.P.-5.0 ka B.P. and 2.0 ka B.P.-1.5 ka B.P.. (4) The results show that carbonate isotopic record of lacustrine sediment in arid area is very sensitive to climatic changes, and may be play a very important role in understanding the features and mechanism of palaeoclimatic changes.
Based on the δ13C and δ18C fluctuation of lacustrine carbonate, CaCO3 content and sporo pollen data, a palaeoclimatic history of Bosten Lake during the Holocene has been outlined, several stages of climatic changes are divided, and the following result es are obtained: (1) Palaeoclimatic changes revealed by carbonate isotope around Bosten Lake are basically identical with that revealed by other geological records in Xinjiang. Environmental changes presented apparent Westlies Style model: during cold period, relative humidity increased, 18O, 13C and CaCO3 appeared low; but in warm periods, the dry regime aggravated. (2) The temperature reflected by δ18C exist evident features being increase in the late period during the Holocene. Together with the δ13C, pollen and CaCO3 analyses, several cold and warm phases which are of broad regional significance can be identified. The warm peaks occurred at about 11.0 ka B.P., 9.4 ka B.P., 7.5 ka B.P., 5.0 ka B.P., 3.0 ka B.P. and 2.0 ka B.P.; the cold peaks at 11.5 ka B.P., 10.5 ka B.P., 8.8 ka B.P., 5.5 ka B.P., 3.3 ka B.P., 2.2 ka B.P. and 1.5 ka B.P.. (3) Several climatic events with the nature of “abrupt climatic changes” are revealed in the periods of 11.0 ka B.P.-10.5 ka B.P., 9.4 ka B.P.-8.8 ka B.P., 5.5 ka B.P.-5.0 ka B.P. and 2.0 ka B.P.-1.5 ka B.P.. (4) The results show that carbonate isotopic record of lacustrine sediment in arid area is very sensitive to climatic changes, and may be play a very important role in understanding the features and mechanism of palaeoclimatic changes.
1998, 8(2): 183-192.
Abstract:
Since the 1970s foreign and Chinese scholars have researched into quantitative evaluation of tourism resources by mathematical method early or late and made great progress. Guangxi is in the south of China and rich in tourism resources with picturesque scenery. In this paper, Guangxi's tourism resources are quantitatively evaluated by method of analytic hierarchy process. Firstly a modular tree of quantitative evaluation for tourism resources of Guangxi is set up and weighted values of evaluative factors are defined by method of consulting experts. On the basis of a great amount of data from investigation, synthetic evaluation indexes and their order of tourism resources of 22 cities and counties in Guangxi are calculated. Then, the tourism resources of Grangxi are divided into 6 regions and their development orientations are described by a combination of quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis. The study would be helpful to the exploitation of tourism resource of Guangxi.
Since the 1970s foreign and Chinese scholars have researched into quantitative evaluation of tourism resources by mathematical method early or late and made great progress. Guangxi is in the south of China and rich in tourism resources with picturesque scenery. In this paper, Guangxi's tourism resources are quantitatively evaluated by method of analytic hierarchy process. Firstly a modular tree of quantitative evaluation for tourism resources of Guangxi is set up and weighted values of evaluative factors are defined by method of consulting experts. On the basis of a great amount of data from investigation, synthetic evaluation indexes and their order of tourism resources of 22 cities and counties in Guangxi are calculated. Then, the tourism resources of Grangxi are divided into 6 regions and their development orientations are described by a combination of quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis. The study would be helpful to the exploitation of tourism resource of Guangxi.
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