Spatial and Temporal Variability of Farm Size in China in Context of Rapid Urbanization

TAN Minghong; Guy M ROBINSON; LI Xiubin; XIN Liangjie

doi:10.1007/s11769-013-0610-0

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TAN Minghong, Guy M ROBINSON, LI Xiubin, XIN Liangjie. Spatial and Temporal Variability of Farm Size in China in Context of Rapid Urbanization[J]. Chinese Geographical Science, 2013, 23(5): 607-619. doi: 10.1007/s11769-013-0610-0

Citation:

TAN Minghong, Guy M ROBINSON, LI Xiubin, XIN Liangjie. Spatial and Temporal Variability of Farm Size in China in Context of Rapid Urbanization[J]. Chinese Geographical Science, 2013, 23(5): 607-619. doi: 10.1007/s11769-013-0610-0

Spatial and Temporal Variability of Farm Size in China in Context of Rapid Urbanization

doi: 10.1007/s11769-013-0610-0

1.
Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
2.
Centre for Rural Health & Community Development, University of South Australia, 111 Nicolson Avenue, Whyalla Norrie, South Australia 5608, Australia

Funds: Foundation item: Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40971112, 41161140352), Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China (No. STSN-09-04)

More Information

Corresponding author: TAN Minghong,E-mail: tanmh@igsnrr.ac.cn
Received Date: 2012-08-21
Rev Recd Date: 2013-01-08
Publish Date: 2013-09-10

Abstract

During the last 30 years, China has witnessed rapid economic growth and dramatic urbanization, with about 1.2×10⁷ rural people migrating annually into urban areas. Meanwhile, especially since 1995, the rural population has been declining, which is closely linked to land circulation and the increase in farm size in many villages. Increasing scale of farming operations is often regarded as a key to avoiding the abandonment of farmland and to increasing the income of rural farmers. However, until now, there has been little research on the spatial and temporal variability of farm size at the national level in China.Using data from the national agricultural census and rural household surveys, this study examines the characteristics of land use circulation and the consequent changes in the area of farmland per household. The results show that: 1) 12.2% of rural households were involved in land circulation at the national level. The highest amounts of land circulation have occurred in those provinces where the farmland per capita is more than 0.2 ha or less than 0.1 ha; 2) over 80% of households operate less than 0.6 ha of farmland; 3) the proportion of mid-sized farms (between 0.2 ha and 0.6 ha per household) has decreased while the smallest and the largest farms have increased. This bears some similarity with the phenomenon known as the ‘disappearing middle’, referring to the changes in farm size. This study establishes a framework for interpreting the factors affecting the changes in farm size in China, which include two promoting factors (urbanization and agriculture) and four hindering factors (agricultual land system, household registration, stable clan system, and farmland loss).
- farm size,
- land circulation,
- urbanization,
- China

References

[1]	Burton R J F, Walford N S, 2005. Multiple succession and land division on family farms in the South East of England: A counterbalance to agricultural concentration? Journal of Rural Studies, 21: 335-347. doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2005.04.004
[2]	Carter M R, 1984. Identification of inverse relationship between farm size and productivity: An empirical analysis of peasant agricultural production. Oxford Economic Papers, New Series, 36(1): 131-145.
[3]	Chen Liding, 1996. Analysis of the regional characteristics of dynamic changes in China's cultivated land resouces and countermeasures. Resource Sciences, 18(1): 1-8. (in Chinese)
[4]	Chen Yangfen, Liu Yansui, Xu Keshuai, 2010. Characteristics and mechanism of agricultural transformation in typical rural areas of eastern China: A case study of Yucheng City, Shandong Province. Chinese Geographical Science, 20(6): 545-553. doi: 10.1007/s11769-010-0430-4
[5]	Chen Yangfen, Liu Yansui, Zhai Rongxin, 2009. Households' willingness and its determinants on the scale operation of farmland in the coastal areas of East China based on household survey. Resources Science, 31(7): 1102-1108. (in Chinese)
[6]	Chen Yuqi, Li Xiubin, Tian Yujun et al., 2009. Structural change of agricultural land use intensity and its regional disparity in China. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 19(5): 545-556. doi: 10.1007/s11442-009-0545-7
[7]	Deininger K, Byerlee D, 2012. The rise of large farms in land abundant countries: do they have a future? World Development, 40(4): 701-714. doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.04.030
[8]	Dolev Y, Kimhi A, 2010. Do family farms really converge to a uniformsize? The role of unobserved farm efficiency. The Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 54: 119-136. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8489.2009.00482.x
[9]	DRSES (Department of Rural Social and Economic Survey, National Bureau of Statistics of China), 2000. China Yearbook of Rural Household Survey. Beijing: China Statistics Press. (in Chinese)
[10]	DRSES (Department of Rural Social and Economic Survey, National Bureau of Statistics of China), 2007. China Yearbook of Rural Household Survey, Beijing: China Statistics Press. (in Chinese)
[11]	DRSES (Department of Rural Social and Economic Survey, National Bureau of Statistics of China), 2010a. China Rural Statistical Yearbook. Beijing: China Statistics Press. (in Chinese)
[12]	DRSES (Department of Rural Social and Economic Survey, National Bureau of Statistics of China), 2010b. China Yearbook of Rural Household Survey, Beijing: China Statistics Press. (in Chinese)
[13]	Dumreicher H, Kolb B, 2008. Place as a social space: Fields of encounter relating to the local sustainability process. Journal of Environmental Management, 87: 317-328. doi: 10.1016/ j.jenvman.2007.03.048
[14]	Fan Shenggen, Chan-Kang C, 2003. Is Small Beautiful? Farm Size, Productivity and Poverty in Asian Agriculture. Durban: International Association of Agricultural Economists.
[15]	Feng Zhiming, Yang Yanzhao, Zhang Yaoqi et al., 2005. Grain-for-green policy and its impacts on grain supply in West China. Land Use Policy, 22: 301-312. doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2004. 05.004
[16]	Fujimoto A, 1996. Rice land ownership and tenancy system in Southeast Asia: Facts and issues based on ten village studies. Development Economics, 34(3): 281-315.
[17]	Grigg D B, 1987. Farm size in England and Wales from early Victorian Times to the present. Agricultural History Review, 35(2): 179-189.
[18]	Guo X, 2004. The reform of China's rural land system. China & World Economy, 12(6): 62-73.
[19]	He Honglian, Han Xueping, Yao Liang, 2011. Analysis on system influence factors to farmland scale management in Heilongjiang Province. Journal of Northeast Agricultural University (Social Sciences), 9(6): 14-17. (in Chinese)
[20]	Heitberg R, 1998. Rural market imperfections and the farm size-productivity relationship: Evidence from Pakistan. World Development, 26(10): 1807-1826.
[21]	Hu Wei, 1997. Household land tenure reform in China: Its impact on farming land use and agro-environment. Land Use Policy, 14(3): 175-186.
[22]	Hu Xiuhong, David D K, 2001. The emergence of affluent in Beijing: Residential social stratification in China's capital city. Urban Geography, 22(1): 54-77.
[23]	Iraizoz B, Gorton M, Davidova S, 2007. Segmenting farms for analysing agricultural trajectories: A case study of the Navarra region in Spain. Agricultural Systems, 93: 143-169. doi: 10.1016/j.agsy.2006.05.002
[24]	Li Fei, 2010. The investigation and analysis on lag-behind children in rural areas. Available at:http://news.xinhuanet.com/ politics/2010-10/06/c_12633019.htm. (in Chinese)
[25]	Li Limei, Li Siming, Chen Yingfang, 2010. Better city, better life, but for whom? The hukou and resident card system and the consequential citizenship stratification in Shanghai. City, Culture and Society, 1(3): 145-154.
[26]	Li Xiubin, 1999. Change of arable land in China during the past 20 years and its policy implication. Journal of Natural Resources, 14(4): 329-333. (in Chinese)
[27]	Lianos T P, Parliarou D, 1986. Farm size structure in Greek agricultural. European Review of Agricultural Economics, 13(2): 233-248.
[28]	Long Hualou, Zou Jian, Liu Yansui, 2009. Differentiation of rural development driven by industrialization and urbanization in eastern coastal China. Habitat International, 33: 454-462. doi: 10.1016/j.habitatint.2009.03.003
[29]	Lu Jianfei, Wang Jiange, Huang Xianjin et al., 1996. Characteristcis and perspective of farmland scale operation. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 19(4): 77-81. (in Chinese)
[30]	Lu Qi, Söderlund L, Wu P et al., 2006. Cultivated land loss arising from the rapid urbanization in China. Agrifood Research Reports, 68: 313-327.
[31]	Ma Jia, Ma Ying, 2010. Study on the optimization model of moderate-scale farmland management in Shanghai suburbs. Areal Research and Development, 29(3): 119-123. (in Chinese)
[32]	Michailidis A, Mattas K, 2006. Estimating the optimal farm size under uncertainty: An application of real options methodology. American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science, 1(1): 10-16.
[33]	MLR (Ministry of Land and Resources of the People's Reoublic of China), 2003. The Report of China's Land and Resources in 2002. Beijing: China Dizhi Press, 7-18. (in Chinese)
[34]	Mulet-Marquis S, 2008. New Zealand farm structure change and intensification. Christchurch: Lincoln University.
[35]	NBSC (National Bureau of Statistics of China), 2001. China Statistical Yearbook in 2001. Beijing: China Statistics Press. (in Chinese)
[36]	NBSC (National Bureau of Statistics of China), 2007. China Statistical Yearbook in 2007. Beijing: China Statistics Press. (in Chinese)
[37]	NBSC (National Bureau of Statistics of China), 2009. China Statistical Yearbook in 2009. Beijing: China Statistics Press. (in Chinese)
[38]	NBSC (National Bureau of Statistics of China), 2010. China Statistical Yearbook in 2010. Beijing: China Statistics Press. (in Chinese)
[39]	NBSC (National Bureau of Statistics of China), 2011. China Statistical Yearbook in 2011. Beijing: China Statistics Press. (in Chinese)
[40]	OSCLG, BSPRC (Office of State Council Leading Group for the Agricultural Census, Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China), 1996. The Comprehensive Abstract of The First Census of Agriculture in China. Beijing: China Statistics Press. (in Chinese)
[41]	OSCLG, BSPRC (Office of State Council Leading Group for the Agricultural Census, and Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China), 2008. The Second Census of Agriculture in China. Beijing: China Statistics Press. (in Chinese)
[42]	Pritchard B, Burch D, Lawrence G, 2007. Neither ‘family’ nor ‘corporate’ farming: Australian tomato growers as farm family entrepreneurs. Journal of Rural Studies, 23: 75-87. doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2006.04.001
[43]	Qu F, Heerink N, Wang W, 1995. Land administration reform in China: Its impact on land allocation and economic development. Land Use Policy, 12(3): 193-203.
[44]	Shang Yu, 2011. Relation between agricultural land size and efficiency: Based on the investigation of 400 households in Hunan Province. Journal of Hunan Agricultural University (Social Sciences), 12(6): 17-22. (in Chinese)
[45]	Smithers J A, Joseph A E, Armstrong M, 2005. Across the divide (?): Reconciling farmand town views of agriculture-community linkages. Journal of Rural Studies, 21: 281-295. doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2005.03.003
[46]	Tan Minghong, Li Xiubin, 2010. The evolution of the urban system of the United States in the 20th century and its implications for China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 65(12): 1488-1495. (in Chinese)
[47]	Tan Minghong, Li Xiubin, Xie Hui et al., 2005. Urban land expansion and arable land loss in China: A case study of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. Land Use Policy, 22(2): 187-196. doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2004.03.003
[48]	Tan Rong, Beckmann V, Berg L v d et al., 2009. Governing farmland conversion: Comparing China with the Netherlands and Germany. Land Use Policy, 26: 961-974. doi: 10.1016/j. landusepol.2008.11.009
[49]	Thapa S, 2007. The Relationship Between Farm Size and Productivity: Empirical Evidence from the Nepalese Mid-Hills. Pro-poor Development in Low Income Countries: Food, Agriculture, Trade, and Environment. Trento: Munich Personal RePEc Archive.
[50]	The State Council (The State Council of the People's Republic of China), 2007. Circular of the State Council on Improving Policy Measures Concerning the Conversion of Cultivated Land Back into Forestry and Pasture. Available at: http://www. gov.cn/zwgk/2007-08/14/content_716617.htm (obtained on December 20, 2011). (in Chinese)
[51]	Tian Yujun, Li Xiubin, Ma Guoxia, 2010. Impacts of household labor and land endowment on rural-to-urban labor migration: A case study on mountainous areas of the Southern Ningxia. Resources Science, 11: 2160-2164. (in Chinese)
[52]	UNPD (United Nations Population Division), 2009. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2007 Revision Population Database. Available at: http://esa.un.org/wup2009/unup/index.asp
[53]	Visser S, 1999. Scale-economy conditions for spatial variation in farm size. Geographical Analysis, 31(1): 27-44.
[54]	Wang Xiuhong, Lu Changhe, Fang Jinfu et al., 2007. Implications for development of grain-for-green policy based on farmland suitability evaluation in desertification-affected north China. Land Use Policy, 24: 417-424. doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2006. 05.005
[55]	Wiggins S, Kirsten J, Llambi L, 2010. The future of small farms. World Development, 38(10): 1341-1348. doi: doi:10.1016/j. worlddev.2009.06.013
[56]	Xu Zhigang, Xu Jintao, Deng Xiangzheng et al., 2006. Grain for Green versus Grain: Conflict between food security and conservation set-aside in China. World Development, 34(1): 130-148. doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.08.002
[57]	Yang Guishan, 2001. The process and driving forces of changes in arable-land area in the Yangtze River Delta during the past 50 years. Journal of Natural Resources, 16(2): 121-127. (in Chinese)Zhang W, 2000. The differences of changes in China's population and the policy choice. China's Population Sciences, 79(4): 46-50. (in Chinese)

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通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

1.
沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142

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Spatial and Temporal Variability of Farm Size in China in Context of Rapid Urbanization

1. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;

2. Centre for Rural Health & Community Development, University of South Australia, 111 Nicolson Avenue, Whyalla Norrie, South Australia 5608, Australia

Corresponding author: TAN Minghong,E-mail: tanmh@igsnrr.ac.cn

Received Date: 2012-08-21

Rev Recd Date: 2013-01-08

Publish Date: 2013-09-10

Key words:

Abstract: During the last 30 years, China has witnessed rapid economic growth and dramatic urbanization, with about 1.2×10⁷ rural people migrating annually into urban areas. Meanwhile, especially since 1995, the rural population has been declining, which is closely linked to land circulation and the increase in farm size in many villages. Increasing scale of farming operations is often regarded as a key to avoiding the abandonment of farmland and to increasing the income of rural farmers. However, until now, there has been little research on the spatial and temporal variability of farm size at the national level in China.Using data from the national agricultural census and rural household surveys, this study examines the characteristics of land use circulation and the consequent changes in the area of farmland per household. The results show that: 1) 12.2% of rural households were involved in land circulation at the national level. The highest amounts of land circulation have occurred in those provinces where the farmland per capita is more than 0.2 ha or less than 0.1 ha; 2) over 80% of households operate less than 0.6 ha of farmland; 3) the proportion of mid-sized farms (between 0.2 ha and 0.6 ha per household) has decreased while the smallest and the largest farms have increased. This bears some similarity with the phenomenon known as the ‘disappearing middle’, referring to the changes in farm size. This study establishes a framework for interpreting the factors affecting the changes in farm size in China, which include two promoting factors (urbanization and agriculture) and four hindering factors (agricultual land system, household registration, stable clan system, and farmland loss).

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Reference (57)

[1]	Burton R J F, Walford N S, 2005. Multiple succession and land division on family farms in the South East of England: A counterbalance to agricultural concentration? Journal of Rural Studies, 21: 335-347. doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2005.04.004
[2]	Carter M R, 1984. Identification of inverse relationship between farm size and productivity: An empirical analysis of peasant agricultural production. Oxford Economic Papers, New Series, 36(1): 131-145.
[3]	Chen Liding, 1996. Analysis of the regional characteristics of dynamic changes in China's cultivated land resouces and countermeasures. Resource Sciences, 18(1): 1-8. (in Chinese)
[4]	Chen Yangfen, Liu Yansui, Xu Keshuai, 2010. Characteristics and mechanism of agricultural transformation in typical rural areas of eastern China: A case study of Yucheng City, Shandong Province. Chinese Geographical Science, 20(6): 545-553. doi: 10.1007/s11769-010-0430-4
[5]	Chen Yangfen, Liu Yansui, Zhai Rongxin, 2009. Households' willingness and its determinants on the scale operation of farmland in the coastal areas of East China based on household survey. Resources Science, 31(7): 1102-1108. (in Chinese)
[6]	Chen Yuqi, Li Xiubin, Tian Yujun et al., 2009. Structural change of agricultural land use intensity and its regional disparity in China. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 19(5): 545-556. doi: 10.1007/s11442-009-0545-7
[7]	Deininger K, Byerlee D, 2012. The rise of large farms in land abundant countries: do they have a future? World Development, 40(4): 701-714. doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.04.030
[8]	Dolev Y, Kimhi A, 2010. Do family farms really converge to a uniformsize? The role of unobserved farm efficiency. The Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 54: 119-136. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8489.2009.00482.x
[9]	DRSES (Department of Rural Social and Economic Survey, National Bureau of Statistics of China), 2000. China Yearbook of Rural Household Survey. Beijing: China Statistics Press. (in Chinese)
[10]	DRSES (Department of Rural Social and Economic Survey, National Bureau of Statistics of China), 2007. China Yearbook of Rural Household Survey, Beijing: China Statistics Press. (in Chinese)
[11]	DRSES (Department of Rural Social and Economic Survey, National Bureau of Statistics of China), 2010a. China Rural Statistical Yearbook. Beijing: China Statistics Press. (in Chinese)
[12]	DRSES (Department of Rural Social and Economic Survey, National Bureau of Statistics of China), 2010b. China Yearbook of Rural Household Survey, Beijing: China Statistics Press. (in Chinese)
[13]	Dumreicher H, Kolb B, 2008. Place as a social space: Fields of encounter relating to the local sustainability process. Journal of Environmental Management, 87: 317-328. doi: 10.1016/ j.jenvman.2007.03.048
[14]	Fan Shenggen, Chan-Kang C, 2003. Is Small Beautiful? Farm Size, Productivity and Poverty in Asian Agriculture. Durban: International Association of Agricultural Economists.
[15]	Feng Zhiming, Yang Yanzhao, Zhang Yaoqi et al., 2005. Grain-for-green policy and its impacts on grain supply in West China. Land Use Policy, 22: 301-312. doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2004. 05.004
[16]	Fujimoto A, 1996. Rice land ownership and tenancy system in Southeast Asia: Facts and issues based on ten village studies. Development Economics, 34(3): 281-315.
[17]	Grigg D B, 1987. Farm size in England and Wales from early Victorian Times to the present. Agricultural History Review, 35(2): 179-189.
[18]	Guo X, 2004. The reform of China's rural land system. China & World Economy, 12(6): 62-73.
[19]	He Honglian, Han Xueping, Yao Liang, 2011. Analysis on system influence factors to farmland scale management in Heilongjiang Province. Journal of Northeast Agricultural University (Social Sciences), 9(6): 14-17. (in Chinese)
[20]	Heitberg R, 1998. Rural market imperfections and the farm size-productivity relationship: Evidence from Pakistan. World Development, 26(10): 1807-1826.
[21]	Hu Wei, 1997. Household land tenure reform in China: Its impact on farming land use and agro-environment. Land Use Policy, 14(3): 175-186.
[22]	Hu Xiuhong, David D K, 2001. The emergence of affluent in Beijing: Residential social stratification in China's capital city. Urban Geography, 22(1): 54-77.
[23]	Iraizoz B, Gorton M, Davidova S, 2007. Segmenting farms for analysing agricultural trajectories: A case study of the Navarra region in Spain. Agricultural Systems, 93: 143-169. doi: 10.1016/j.agsy.2006.05.002
[24]	Li Fei, 2010. The investigation and analysis on lag-behind children in rural areas. Available at:http://news.xinhuanet.com/ politics/2010-10/06/c_12633019.htm. (in Chinese)
[25]	Li Limei, Li Siming, Chen Yingfang, 2010. Better city, better life, but for whom? The hukou and resident card system and the consequential citizenship stratification in Shanghai. City, Culture and Society, 1(3): 145-154.
[26]	Li Xiubin, 1999. Change of arable land in China during the past 20 years and its policy implication. Journal of Natural Resources, 14(4): 329-333. (in Chinese)
[27]	Lianos T P, Parliarou D, 1986. Farm size structure in Greek agricultural. European Review of Agricultural Economics, 13(2): 233-248.
[28]	Long Hualou, Zou Jian, Liu Yansui, 2009. Differentiation of rural development driven by industrialization and urbanization in eastern coastal China. Habitat International, 33: 454-462. doi: 10.1016/j.habitatint.2009.03.003
[29]	Lu Jianfei, Wang Jiange, Huang Xianjin et al., 1996. Characteristcis and perspective of farmland scale operation. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 19(4): 77-81. (in Chinese)
[30]	Lu Qi, Söderlund L, Wu P et al., 2006. Cultivated land loss arising from the rapid urbanization in China. Agrifood Research Reports, 68: 313-327.
[31]	Ma Jia, Ma Ying, 2010. Study on the optimization model of moderate-scale farmland management in Shanghai suburbs. Areal Research and Development, 29(3): 119-123. (in Chinese)
[32]	Michailidis A, Mattas K, 2006. Estimating the optimal farm size under uncertainty: An application of real options methodology. American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science, 1(1): 10-16.
[33]	MLR (Ministry of Land and Resources of the People's Reoublic of China), 2003. The Report of China's Land and Resources in 2002. Beijing: China Dizhi Press, 7-18. (in Chinese)
[34]	Mulet-Marquis S, 2008. New Zealand farm structure change and intensification. Christchurch: Lincoln University.
[35]	NBSC (National Bureau of Statistics of China), 2001. China Statistical Yearbook in 2001. Beijing: China Statistics Press. (in Chinese)
[36]	NBSC (National Bureau of Statistics of China), 2007. China Statistical Yearbook in 2007. Beijing: China Statistics Press. (in Chinese)
[37]	NBSC (National Bureau of Statistics of China), 2009. China Statistical Yearbook in 2009. Beijing: China Statistics Press. (in Chinese)
[38]	NBSC (National Bureau of Statistics of China), 2010. China Statistical Yearbook in 2010. Beijing: China Statistics Press. (in Chinese)
[39]	NBSC (National Bureau of Statistics of China), 2011. China Statistical Yearbook in 2011. Beijing: China Statistics Press. (in Chinese)
[40]	OSCLG, BSPRC (Office of State Council Leading Group for the Agricultural Census, Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China), 1996. The Comprehensive Abstract of The First Census of Agriculture in China. Beijing: China Statistics Press. (in Chinese)
[41]	OSCLG, BSPRC (Office of State Council Leading Group for the Agricultural Census, and Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China), 2008. The Second Census of Agriculture in China. Beijing: China Statistics Press. (in Chinese)
[42]	Pritchard B, Burch D, Lawrence G, 2007. Neither ‘family’ nor ‘corporate’ farming: Australian tomato growers as farm family entrepreneurs. Journal of Rural Studies, 23: 75-87. doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2006.04.001
[43]	Qu F, Heerink N, Wang W, 1995. Land administration reform in China: Its impact on land allocation and economic development. Land Use Policy, 12(3): 193-203.
[44]	Shang Yu, 2011. Relation between agricultural land size and efficiency: Based on the investigation of 400 households in Hunan Province. Journal of Hunan Agricultural University (Social Sciences), 12(6): 17-22. (in Chinese)
[45]	Smithers J A, Joseph A E, Armstrong M, 2005. Across the divide (?): Reconciling farmand town views of agriculture-community linkages. Journal of Rural Studies, 21: 281-295. doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2005.03.003
[46]	Tan Minghong, Li Xiubin, 2010. The evolution of the urban system of the United States in the 20th century and its implications for China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 65(12): 1488-1495. (in Chinese)
[47]	Tan Minghong, Li Xiubin, Xie Hui et al., 2005. Urban land expansion and arable land loss in China: A case study of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. Land Use Policy, 22(2): 187-196. doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2004.03.003
[48]	Tan Rong, Beckmann V, Berg L v d et al., 2009. Governing farmland conversion: Comparing China with the Netherlands and Germany. Land Use Policy, 26: 961-974. doi: 10.1016/j. landusepol.2008.11.009
[49]	Thapa S, 2007. The Relationship Between Farm Size and Productivity: Empirical Evidence from the Nepalese Mid-Hills. Pro-poor Development in Low Income Countries: Food, Agriculture, Trade, and Environment. Trento: Munich Personal RePEc Archive.
[50]	The State Council (The State Council of the People's Republic of China), 2007. Circular of the State Council on Improving Policy Measures Concerning the Conversion of Cultivated Land Back into Forestry and Pasture. Available at: http://www. gov.cn/zwgk/2007-08/14/content_716617.htm (obtained on December 20, 2011). (in Chinese)
[51]	Tian Yujun, Li Xiubin, Ma Guoxia, 2010. Impacts of household labor and land endowment on rural-to-urban labor migration: A case study on mountainous areas of the Southern Ningxia. Resources Science, 11: 2160-2164. (in Chinese)
[52]	UNPD (United Nations Population Division), 2009. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2007 Revision Population Database. Available at: http://esa.un.org/wup2009/unup/index.asp
[53]	Visser S, 1999. Scale-economy conditions for spatial variation in farm size. Geographical Analysis, 31(1): 27-44.
[54]	Wang Xiuhong, Lu Changhe, Fang Jinfu et al., 2007. Implications for development of grain-for-green policy based on farmland suitability evaluation in desertification-affected north China. Land Use Policy, 24: 417-424. doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2006. 05.005
[55]	Wiggins S, Kirsten J, Llambi L, 2010. The future of small farms. World Development, 38(10): 1341-1348. doi: doi:10.1016/j. worlddev.2009.06.013
[56]	Xu Zhigang, Xu Jintao, Deng Xiangzheng et al., 2006. Grain for Green versus Grain: Conflict between food security and conservation set-aside in China. World Development, 34(1): 130-148. doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.08.002
[57]	Yang Guishan, 2001. The process and driving forces of changes in arable-land area in the Yangtze River Delta during the past 50 years. Journal of Natural Resources, 16(2): 121-127. (in Chinese)Zhang W, 2000. The differences of changes in China's population and the policy choice. China's Population Sciences, 79(4): 46-50. (in Chinese)

Spatial and Temporal Variability of Farm Size in China in Context of Rapid Urbanization

doi: 10.1007/s11769-013-0610-0

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通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

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