Types and Optimization Paths Between Poverty Alleviation Effectiveness and Rural Revitalization: A Case Study of Hunan Province, China

Exploring the synergy types and optimization paths between Poverty Alleviation Effectiveness and Rural Revitalization is necessary for achieving the two centenary goals. Taking poverty alleviation counties in Hunan Province, China as an example, our study proposed an indicator to measure the synergistic development between Poverty Alleviation Effectiveness and Rural Revitalization using the multi-index integrated evaluation method. Then, the coupling types were classified based on both the proposed indicator and regional characteristics. Besides, the corresponding optimization path for each coupling type was proposed to promote the synergistic development of Poverty Alleviation and Rural Revitalization. Results are as follows: 1) Lower synergy focused on the southwestern Hunan, while low synergy is widely distributed (such as the west, southwest, northwest, and midland). Moderate synergy is in the midland, such as Huaihua and Chenzhou cities. High synergy is distributed in Yongzhou, Huaihua, Xiangxi cities, etc. Besides, only Hecheng City belongs to the higher synergy. 2) This paper proposes corresponding development paths for different development characteristics and main problems from multiple perspectives of the protection system, industrial planning, and rural market. Continuously consolidate and enhance the effectiveness of Poverty Alleviation and Rural Revitalization to achieve coupled and synergistic development of the two systems. Our research results can provide theoretical support for implementing Poverty Alleviation and Rural Revitalization in Hunan Province, China.


Introduction
Poverty Alleviation is a vital goal for achieving sustainable human development, and it also is the consensus to promote the overall development, progress, and prosperity of human society (Liu et al., 2016). Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) show that Poverty Alleviation is the first SDGs task. Governments have responded by regional poverty governance to eradicate absolute poverty and hunger from national and international aspects, which is also the largest-ever global action against poverty (Trani and Cannings, 2013;Alkire and Santos, 2014;Santos and Villatoro, 2018). With the attention of the United Nations, the World Bank, and other international organizations, the international community has begun to pay attention to the governance of poverty in developing countries, especially in South America and sub-Saharan Africa, and cash transfers have achieved good results in developing countries in Latin America as well as Africa (http://documents. worldbank.Org/curated/ en/2015/07/24741765/state-socialsafety-nets-2015.htm). The proportion of people living in extreme poverty in developing countries fell from 47% in 1990 to 14% in 2015, and the number of people living in extreme poverty decreased from 1.9 billion to 836 million, making global poverty governance effective (http://www.cn. undp.org/content/china/zh/home/ibrary/mdg/mdg-report-2015/). In a word, most of the mainstream international poverty governance and research has adopted a government-led social welfare model for the uniform distribution of anti-poverty resources. But they ignore the differences and particularities of poor areas and poor subjects, and the shortage of self-development capacity of poor subjects makes it difficult to enhance the sustainability of the results of Poverty Alleviation -besides, the risk of returning to poverty at a later stage.
The complex topography and vast land area have given rise to a multi-ethnic composition in China, and the urban bias development strategy has led to a fragmentation of the urban-rural dichotomy. China's rural socioeconomic development has long lagged behind the world's rural average, and rural poverty has become one of the major problems that have long plagued the country. China, as an active practitioner of Sustainable Development Goals, has always made Poverty Alleviation and integrated urban and rural development an important part of its government's work. Since the Reform and Opening Up, China has made remarkable achievements in Poverty Alleviation after going through several antipoverty stages, including rural Poverty Alleviation (1978)(1979)(1980)(1981)(1982)(1983)(1984)(1985), developmental Poverty Alleviation (1986)(1987)(1988)(1989)(1990)(1991)(1992)(1993)(1994)(1995)(1996)(1997)(1998)(1999)(2000), comprehensive Poverty Alleviation (2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012) and targeted Poverty Alleviation (2013-2020) (Cui et al., 2020). Nearly 100 million poor rural people and 832 poverty counties have been lifted out of poverty under the current standards, which makes a significant contribution to the development of global poverty reduction and the progress of human development, and China will enter a new phase of rural development towards the comprehensive revitalization of the countryside (Xiao, 2020). The 'No.1 document of the Central Government' in 2021 proposes to realize an effective linkage between consolidating the results of Poverty Alleviation and Rural Revitalization, and in June, the promotion of Rural Revitalization Law was promulgated to guide and lead the development and construction of Rural Revitaliza-tion in the coming period (Li et al., 2021).
Foreign scholars started exploring the definition of poverty in the 18th century (Booth, 1889;Malthus, 2019). In the 20th century, academics made progress in understanding poverty and developed quantitative methods to measure it (Goedhart et al., 1977). As understanding of poverty deepened, unidimensional poverty measures evolved into multidimensional measures like the H-index, Sen index, and A-F index (Sen, 1976;Shorrocks, 1995;Klasen and Blades, 2013), gradually improving the poverty research system. The Chinese research on poverty started relatively late. Scholars studied poverty in China using local socioeconomic contexts and insights from international research, yielding numerous findings (Xiao, 2020). In addition, scholars have extensively researched the meaning (General Agricultural Research Team in National Bureau of Statistics, 1990;An et al., 2022), influencing mechanism (Zhao et al., 2020), and Poverty Alleviation path (Zhou et al., 2017) of poverty, developed a theoretical system with targeted Poverty Alleviation as its core (Yin, 2019;Cheng et al., 2020). With scholars beginning to explore the measurement (Xu and Wang, 2021), influencing factors (Tan et al., 2019), and optimization path (Chen et al., 2020) of Poverty Alleviation Effectiveness and Rural Revitalization, the effective convergence of their has more concern (Dou and Ye, 2019;Gao, 2019;Wang and Feng, 2020;Xu and Wang, 2021). Besides, some scholars found they have similar changed characteristics by analyzing the coupling relationship between Poverty Alleviation Effectiveness and Rural Revitalization (He and Zhong, 2020;Liao et al., 2020). Overall, scholars have made some research achievements related to the two strategies of Poverty Alleviation Effectiveness and Rural Revitalization, but their studies are limited in some ways. Previous research focuses on a single strategy's spatial pattern and influencing factors instead of both. Although some scholars have researched the linkage between the two strategies, they have only concentrated on the theoretical connotations of their convergence. There needs to be more research on quantitatively measuring the coupled and synergistic development of Poverty Alleviation and Rural Revitalization, particularly in classifying the two systems based on their development progress and selecting an optimization path.
Therefore, this study takes the poverty-eradication counties in Hunan Province, China as the study area quantitatively measures the poverty-eradication effectiveness index and the Rural Revitalization index using the multi-indicator comprehensive evaluation method and the coupled synergy model and calculates the degree of synergistic development of the two. The coupled and coordinated development types are classified according to the deprived counties' coupling and synergy degree. Besides, we proposed the optimal development path for each type given the limiting factors and the main development problems in different types. Our study can provide a scientific reference to promote development of poverty-eradicated areas and Rural Revitalization .

Intrinsic Linkage Between Poverty Alleviation Effectiveness and Rural Revitalization
Consolidating the effectiveness of Poverty Alleviation is the foundation and prerequisite for promoting comprehensive Rural Revitalization in poor areas, and Rural Revitalization is powerful support for rural areas to eliminate absolute poverty and gradually move toward prosperity . Targeted Poverty Alleviation and Rural Revitalization are major strategies that are intrinsically linked to China's focus on the 'three rural issues' and the modernization of agriculture and the countryside, and both are closely linked, focused, and symbiotic. Targeted Poverty Alleviation and Rural Revitalization are both convergence and continuation of policies based on the effectiveness and experience of Poverty Alleviation and the objectives and requirements of the Rural Revitalization strategy. Moreover, targeted Poverty Alleviation and Rural Revitalization are the path and strategies gradually adjusting according to the fundamental laws of social development to avoid a break in implementing Poverty Alleviation and Rural Revitalization. The state implements targeted assistance and Poverty Alleviation in ethnic areas with weaker foundations, less developed areas with low stocks of geographical capital, and poor areas with more fragile ecological environments. The results of Poverty Alleviation are the gains made in terms of economic development, infrastructure development, livelihood security, and employment security . Rural Revitalization is based on the needs of Chinese rural residents for high-level and quality development in various aspects such as life, health, education, culture, and ecology, focusing on the population who have escaped poverty at risk of returning to poverty, the marginal population at risk of poverty, potential poverty, special poverty, relative poverty, and even the entire rural, regional group; focusing on ethnic areas with a weaker development foundation, less developed areas with a low stock of geographical capital and backward areas with a more fragile ecological environment; devoting to optimizing the allocation of rural resources, realizing the compound of social, economic, cultural and ecological multi-values in the countryside, stimulating the internal development momentum in the countryside and consolidating the quality level of Poverty Alleviation in the countryside.
The coupling logic of Poverty Alleviation effectiveness and Rural Revitalization is both a process of policy evolution from targeted Poverty Alleviation to Rural Revitalization and a new stage in the development of China's countryside towards comprehensive revitalization. The implementation of the Rural Revitalization strategy aims to increase investment in rural transportation, education, health, water conservancy, and other infrastructure and public services, promote the flow of 'people, money and skills' and other factors of production to rural areas, improve the level of rural development and stimulate the endogenous impetus of rural areas to get rid of poverty and run for prosperity. Integrating the endowment of population, land, industry, and other factors in the rural territorial system, making use of external assistance and interactive power such as development funds and construction projects and implementing the revitalization of rural population, land, industry, settlement, and rights. In this way, the Rural Revitalization strategy can enhance rural development's vitality, capacity, power, and competitiveness, the livelihood capacity and means of the poor groups, and the Poverty Alleviation effectiveness of households, villages, counties, and regions. The effective interface between the top-level design of Rural Revitalization and micro policies on Poverty Alleviation can be achieved through the five objectives and tasks of the Rural Revitalization strategy and breaking the succession dilemma. Then, the five dimensions of Rural Revitalization will synergy, and the two strategies will deeply integrate. The development of urban-rural will be equivalent and integrated, and the sustainable development pattern that Poverty Alleviation and Rural Revitalization virtuous circle will form. Therefore, based on the objectives and requirements of Poverty Alleviation and Rural Revitalization, this study constructs a comprehensive analytical framework for the coupled and synergistic development of Poverty Alleviation Effectiveness and Rural Revitalization based on a geographic perspective (Fig. 1). The study identifies the spatial heterogeneity characteristics of the coupling and synergy between Poverty Alleviation effectiveness and Rural Revitalization in poverty-removing areas, classifies the development types of poverty-removing counties according to the coupling and synergy characteristics of Poverty Alleviation effectiveness and Rural Revitalization, and proposes differentiated optimization paths according. To the actual development situation of each poverty-removing county, so as to provide a reference for promoting the comprehensive revitalization of the regional economy, infrastructure and public service facilities, farmers' livelihood, and employment security.

Study area
Hunan Province (108°47′E-114°15′E, 23°38′N-30°08′N) is mainly mountainous and hilly in topography, with a total land area of 211 800 km 2 surrounded by mountains in the east, west, and south, with a total of 122 county-level administrative districts (Fig. 2). The province has two concentrated contiguous poverty areas, Luoxiao Mountains and Wuling Mountains, containing 20 national-level poverty-stricken counties and 31 provincial-level poverty-stricken counties. In 2013, Hunan had 4 790 700 people in poverty and 6153 poor villages. With the implementation of the national strategy of targeted Poverty Alleviation, from 2014 to 2019, the poverty population in Hunan decreased by 4 563 000 people, the poverty incidence rate dropped from 19.49% to 0.48%, and the per capita disposable income of farmers increased from 5137 to 11 344 yuan (RMB) (Zhang et al., 2020). All 51 poor counties have been removed from the list, and the results of Poverty Alleviation are remarkable. However, poor counties in Hunan are mainly concentrated in mountainous and hilly areas with poor geographic conditions and economic development, which have not yet formed a stable situation to get out of poverty and have a higher risk of returning to poverty. At the same time, the Poverty Alleviation results and policies in Hunan have not yet been articulated. Therefore, this study takes the poverty-removing counties in Hunan as the research object and conducts a survey of the coupling synergy and development path of Poverty Alleviation and Rural Revitalization development results, which is very typical and representative.

Data sources
The data utilized in this paper are mainly obtained from the Hunan Statistical Yearbook 2020 (Statistical Bureau of Hunan Province, 2020b), Hunan Rural Statistical Yearbook 2020 (Statistical Bureau of Hunan Province, 2020a), social statistical bulletin of the corresponding unit, and the official website of the Poverty Alleviation Office of Hunan Province (https://hnsfpb.hunan.gov. cn/). DEM (Digital Elevation Model) data with a resolution of 30 m were downloaded from the Geospatial Data Cloud (https://www.gscloud.cn/). Some missing data were filled in by interpolation (Hongjiang District was not included in this study due to excessive missing data and the fact that some of the existing statistical yearbooks do not have Hongjiang District as a statistical unit).

Poverty Alleviation Effectiveness of
The standard for Poverty Alleviation in China is that the average annual disposable income of the rural poor steadily exceeds the national poverty standard in the year and steadily achieves no worries about food and clothing, and guarantees compulsory education, basic medical care, and housing security. Drawing on the foundation of existing studies (Long and Chen, 2021;Tan et al., 2021;Li and Long, 2022;Jiang et al., 2022), this paper constructs an indicator system covering three dimensions of economic development, infrastructure construction, and livelihood protection in poverty-removing counties, with a total of 17 indicators (Table 1). The economic development includes the investment in Poverty Alleviation, the construction of key projects, the benefits they generate, and the impact on the income of the residents, and six indicators are chosen to characterize the value of the products of the Poverty Alleviation industry. Infrastructure development refers to the condition of health care, education, sanitation, and housing in areas that have been lifted out of poverty, and six indicators were chosen to characterize the number of elderly care institutions per 10 000 people, etc. Livelihood protection is reflected in the Poverty Alleviation policies or industries that provide jobs, improve the rate of further education, enhance the quality of life, and address the livelihood protection of special groups. And five indicators are chosen to characterize the employment transfer rate of the new rural labor force. Considering that the low insurance is a relief policy, the low insurance rate is therefore conducive to enhancing the effectiveness of Poverty Alleviation. The entropy value method was used to standardize and calculate the weight of the data based on the construction of the evaluation index system for the effectiveness of Poverty Alleviation.

Rural Revitalization
The Rural Revitalization strategy focuses on five aspects: prosperous industry, ecological livability, civilized countryside, effective governance, and affluent living, and involves multi-dimensional system projects GS (2020) Lv and Cui, 2021;Wang et al., 2022). The entropy method is also used to calculate the weight of the Rural Revitalization evaluation index system.

Measuring model
The entropy value method was used to standardize and calculate the weight of the data based on the construction of the evaluation index system for the effectiveness of Poverty Alleviation and Rural Revitalization. The weights obtained from each indicator were multiplied by its standardized value to obtain the index for measuring the effectiveness of poverty reduction and Rural Revitalization in deprived counties (Wang et al., 2020). The formula is as follows.
where M i is the index for measuring the effectiveness of Poverty Alleviation and Rural Revitalization in study region i, j is the number of indicators, W j is the weight of indicator j, and P ij is the proportion of area i in this index under j indicators. Set a constant of 1000 to increase the difference between data.

Coupling synergy measurement
System coupling originates from physics, in which the collar measures the dependence of two entities on each other. The degree of coupling synergy refers to the degree of benign coupling in the coupling interaction relationship, and it can reflect the good or lousy synergy status. The key to realizing the coupling synergy between Poverty Alleviation effectiveness and Rural Revitalization strategy, as two systems dedicated to the transformation of China's rural development, is to find the connection between the two systems in terms of development logic, hierarchy, and development degree. In this paper, the degree of coupling synergy is calculated by using a deviation model. The formula is: where A denotes the coupling degree of Poverty Alleviation effectiveness and Rural Revitalization, and the value range is [0, 1]. The closer A is to 1, the better the interactive coupling state between the two. T 1 is the index of Poverty Alleviation effectiveness, and T 2 is the index of Rural Revitalization. C is the comprehensive development level of Poverty Alleviation effectiveness-Rural Revitalization in Hunan, and a and b indicate the importance of Poverty Alleviation effectiveness and Rural Revitalization, respectively, a + b = 1; U 1 and U 2 are development level evaluation functions of Poverty Alleviation and Rural Revitalization, respectively. This study sets the anti-poverty effectiveness and Rural Revitalization systems as equally important, i.e., a = b = 0.5. B indicates the coupling synergy degree. The value range is [0,1]. The higher the B value, the higher the total evaluation score of Poverty Alleviation effectiveness and Rural Revitalization in Hunan, and the more harmonious the relationship between the two systems. Currently, the classification standard for the coupling synergy degree has not been unified. Based on reference to existing studies, the judging criteria were divided according to the actual measurement of Hunan (Table 3). At the same time, the development characteristics of the two systems are compared to determine whether each poverty-removal county is leading or lagging in development relative to Rural Revitalization for the metric.

The spatial pattern for the coupling synergy of Poverty Alleviation effectiveness and Rural Revitalization
Applying Eqs (2), (3), and (4) results in a coupling synergy between 0.15 and 0.89 in 2019 for deprived counties in Hunan Province, with a mean value of 0.43 and an overall moderate level of coupling synergy. The implementation of policies on Poverty Alleviation and support in areas that have escaped poverty and the construction of Rural Revitalization is relatively good; the construction of infrastructure in rural areas has been gradually improved; the 'two worries and three guarantees' for poor people have basically been realized; all regions have started to explore and plan development paths that effectively link Poverty Alleviation and Rural Revitalization. The spatial differentiation characteristics of the coupled Poverty Alleviation effectiveness and Rural Revitalization synergy in Hunan Province are shown in Fig. 3a.
(1) The lower synergy type includes Chengbu County and Wugang City in the southwest region of Hunan Province, where the level of Poverty Alleviation effectiveness and Rural Revitalization is at the end of Hunan Province. Among them, Wugang City is characterized by lagging behind in Poverty Alleviation (Fig. 3b), manifested by the extensive implementation of regional relocation projects and the need for further improvement of supporting infrastructure and public service facilities in resettlement areas. And the shortcomings of the population out of poverty, such as low literacy, weak labor ability, and weak awareness of getting rich. Some people out of poverty lack the ability to develop themselves, and there is a certain risk of returning to poverty. Chengbu County is characterized by a lagging level of development in Rural Revitalization, a large number of primary poor groups in Chengbu County, and a high level of input needs for livelihood security coverage in rural areas. And the lack of transportation in the region, the outstanding backlog of agricultural products, the great resistance to the return of labor to work, and the single source of income for farmers have made the revitalization of the countryside a lagging development.
(2) The low synergy type includes 21 counties out of poverty, including Xinhua and Shuangfeng counties, with a more dispersed spatial distribution, and is found in the western, central, and southwestern parts of Hunan Province. Eight areas, including Shimen and Jingzhou counties, are characterized by lagging development in Poverty Alleviation (Fig. 3b). Most of these counties are 'old, small, border and poor' areas (old revolutionary areas, autonomous minority areas, land border areas, and underdeveloped areas), where the devel-opment of infrastructure and economic development has been slow, and the differences in customs and culture due to the multi-ethnic mix have weakened the effectiveness of the support work. Three areas, including Yanling County, show characteristics of lagging development in Rural Revitalization, with farmers in the area having limited ability to accept new agricultural technologies and the effect of vocational training to be improved. The low coupling synergy type includes ten areas, such as Fenghuang County, that show synergistic development characteristics but are at a low level, and there is more room for improving the effectiveness of Poverty Alleviation and the successive development of the Rural Revitalization strategy.
(3) The moderate synergy type includes 21 counties, with prominent clustering characteristics, mainly in Huaihua City, Chenzhou City, and other areas. Chaling County and other nine areas are lagging behind the development characteristics of the effectiveness of Poverty Alleviation where the economic development of Poverty Alleviation industries is generally effective (Fig. 3b), and the effect of Poverty Alleviation industries in driving employment needs to be improved.

Fig. 3 Spatial distribution of Poverty Alleviation and Rural Revitalization coupling synergy in Hunan Province, China
terized by lagging development in Rural Revitalization, as evidenced by the high degree of regional dependence on policies and resources and the lack of market-oriented sales channels, which is not conducive to the formation of an autonomous rural market system. Six areas, including Anhua County, are synergistic development features. Relying on the 'Greater Xiangxi Ecological and Cultural Tourism Circle Development Plan', these areas have been developing rural tourism festivals and other rural cultural tourism events, transforming ecological, cultural, and agricultural resources into tourism economic resources, and the interest linkage mechanism has been effective.
(4) The high synergy type includes five counties scattered in areas such as Yongzhou City and Xiangxi region. Among them, Cili County is lagging behind in Poverty Alleviation (Fig. 3b). The region has invested more in the development of characteristic industries, and the influence of agricultural brands is beginning to bear fruit. The development of the agricultural products processing industry is more effective, and the support and revitalization of rural industries are beginning to bear fruit, but no complete industrial chain has been formed. Shuangpai County and Jishou City are characterized by the lagging development of Rural Revitalization, which is reflected in the lack of in-depth excavation of farming culture and traditional culture in the region, and a systematic public cultural service supply system has not yet been formed. Ningyuan and Zhijiang counties are characterized by synergistic development where the regional government attaches importance to the development of the convergence of the two strategies. The county, township, and village strengthen the implementation of special supervision during the transition period smoothly, and the village planning promotes good results. This effectively enhances the effectiveness of Poverty Alleviation and the successive development of the Rural Revitalization strategy, but the modern rural governance system needs to be further constructed and improved.
(5) The higher synergy type is only Hecheng District in Hunan Province. Hecheng District, the main urban area and political, economic, and cultural center of Huaihua City, has a high degree of a gathering of production factors and obvious advantages in the development of industries such as Poverty Alleviation, breeding, and rural e-commerce. Rural ecological leisure tourism, vegetable cultivation, special fruits, flowers, and seedlings industry chain development and perfection have a strong impetus to promote the transformation of farmers into agricultural industry workers employment. Huangyan's model, ecological leisure tourism and Poverty Alleviation, promotes the development of the tourism industry in the whole area, and the implementation of policies to alleviate poverty has achieved remarkable results, realizing rural resources 'activate', rural elements 'move' and poor people 'rich'. In addition, the local government attaches great importance to consolidating the results of Poverty Alleviation and has successively introduced relevant policies and action programs. For example, in 2018, the Hecheng District 2018 Poverty Exit Consolidation and Enhancement Action Plan was introduced, and the tasks and requirements of organizations at all levels were clarified to achieve a positive interaction of sinking forces, joint efforts, and improved effectiveness.

Optimal path selection for different coupled synergistic regions 4.2.1 Lower synergy areas
Lower synergy-lagging Poverty Alleviation Effectiveness results area (Wugang) should focus on centralized resettlement sites for relocation (Table 4), increase support from the development of special industries and construction of follow-up supporting facilities, etc., and continuously consolidate the results of Poverty Alleviation through easy relocation. Strengthen community governance and social integration in centralized resettlement sites to ensure that relocated people have shelter, employment, and income. Establishing a sound dynamic monitoring mechanism for returning to poverty and a regular monitoring mechanism for helping people out of poverty with low income to eliminate the risk of returning to poverty and causing poverty. We use industrial assistance, employment assistance, and industrial revitalization to drive industrial development and increase employment, and use collective economy and social assistance to protect the daily lives of those who have escaped poverty in particular and other low-income people, so as to continuously consolidate and enhance the effectiveness of Poverty Alleviation.
Lower synergy-lagging areas of Rural Revitalization (Chengbu County) should implement classified and targeted Poverty Alleviation. We should support or assist residents in developing small-scale industries or recommend employment to improve their income and drive regional industrial construction and villagers' transformation and development. Leading to the construction of regional industries and the transformation and development of villagers for classifying and implementing precise assistance for people who have escaped poverty. And the government provides timely special and temporary assistance for the population who have lost the ability to work, maintain rural low-income, or special hardship assistance. Following the principle of 'government guidance, market main body, social participation, mutually beneficial', we will carry out in-depth consumer assistance actions and mobilize all sectors of society to continue expanding consumer support for products and services in areas that have escaped poverty. The government ought to strengthen the construction and operation management of the 'three special'(special cabinet, special pavilion, and special area for consumer Poverty Alleviation) carriers for consumer assistance, solve the problem of agricultural products in Chengbu County that are 'stagnant and difficult to sell', and use products and services to drive the development of Rural Revitalization in the area.

Low synergy areas
Low synergy areas lagging behind in Poverty Alleviation (eight areas such as Shimen County and seven other areas): future development can increase support for key villages in the 'old, young, and poor' areas. Selecting some of the villages that have escaped poverty as key assistance to consolidate and expand the results of Poverty Alleviation, and arranging special assistance funds each year for the development of special industries, temporary assistance for special hardship groups, and the improvement of small public welfare production and living facilities in rural areas. At the same time, using the national support policy for the 'old, young, and poor', we actively declare national financial funds and provincial funds to improve regional infrastructure construction and promote local characteristics and culture.
The low coupling synergy-Rural Revitalization lagging type areas (Yanling County and the other two areas) can strengthen vocational skills training to continuously improve the basic skills of self-development and work and business for people in areas out of poverty. Change the way of using assistance funds and implement the 'pay for work, more work, more pay' method of assistance for those who can work, stimulating the villagers' enthusiasm for production and consolidating the results of Poverty Alleviation based on changing the way of employment of residents. Increase skills training for villagers in deprived counties, provide comprehensive training, and upgrade the work skills of deprived people through training in agricultural colleges and sending skills to the countryside. For example, Yanling County continued to carry out skills training courses, innovative technical services, promote new agricultural technology, new varieties, new machinery, and other practical skills training, and constantly cultivate and grow the brand advantage of 'yellow peaches in Yanling' to promote the development of rural industries in the direction of high quality and diversified forms. Low coupling Synergistic development type areas (Fenghuang County and nine other areas) should improve the construction of urban and rural infrastructure interconnection. Most of these counties and urban areas are located in the greater western Hunan Province. Improving water conservancy, roads, electrical, network, logistics, and other infrastructure construction is the key to promoting regional development. Implementing a natural village through the construction of cement roads and quality improvement accelerates the realization of cement roads throughout the town up to the group. Improve urban and rural water supply capacity and eliminate flood prevention and mitigation deficiencies. Use various technical means to promote the construction of mobile and fixed broadband networks in rural areas and fully realize the full coverage of mobile broadband networks in rural areas. Further implementation of the agricultural energy structure adjustment program deepens the innovation of the institutional mechanism of rural energy services. It builds clean, efficient, diversified, and complimentary urban-rural coordination and integrated development of the modern rural energy system.

Moderate synergy areas
Moderate synergy-lagging in Poverty Alleviation should consolidate and strengthen the cultivation and development of Poverty Alleviation industries and realize the effective connection between industrial Poverty Alleviation and industrial revitalization. According to local conditions and village conditions, according to the idea of 'town grasps industry, village grasps characteristics', focus on developing several competitive characteristic collective economic industry projects, such as 'cattle in Chaling', 'ponkan in Luxi', 'navel orange in Yizhang'. To implement industrial projects such as 'agriculture and e-commerce, and tourism, and culture, and health', to lengthen the industrial chain, and improve the value chain, so that the collective and villagers have more income. At the same time, we focus on playing the leading role of leading enterprises, guiding the establishment of close cooperation mechanisms among business entities, promoting the intensive and large-scale operation of special industries, and establishing a development pattern of agricultural industrialization with ' production bases, processing enterprises, marketing organizations, circulation markets and export channels'.
Moderate synergy regions lagging in Rural Revitalization (Wulingyuan District and other five areas) should focus on the core elements of the area, using special resources such as Hongjiang Ancient City and Mayang Ice-candy Orange as the attraction, leveraging and introducing external resources to promote the revitalization and development of regional industries and culture. The supply of systems, policies, and services should be optimized, the formation and improvement of effective rural markets should be promoted, and the intrinsic power of rural development should be stimulated. The government increases support from the factor of platform building, science, and technology innovation promotion, brand creation, standardized supervision, etc. to gather level. Establishing special green channels for the circulation of agricultural products, we try to ensure that the 'vegetable basket', 'rice bag' and other major agricultural products out of the village and into the city to curb the dual difficulties of 'selling' and 'buying' agricultural products. The establishment of agricultural product circulation channels to ensure that the primary agricultural products out of the village into the city curb the 'difficult to sell' and 'difficult to buy' double dilemma of farming products. Local policies need to increase the production and marketing docking services for important agricultural products, strengthen the production, deployment, and placement of agricultural products, and support and guide the production and marketing docking between agricultural production enterprises and cooperatives and urban supermarkets and farmers' markets. Intensify services of matching production and marketing of essential agricultural products, strengthen the production, deployment, and placement of farming products, and support and guide production and marketing docking of agricultural products production enterprises, cooperatives, urban supermarkets, and farmers' markets.
Moderate synergistic development-type regions (Anhua County and five other areas) can strengthen the regional branding of agricultural products, support regions to create regional brands based on the advantages of enterprises and industry associations such as Anhua black tea, Jiang Hua 18 brew, and the introduction of modern elements to transform and enhance the famous traditional brand. The local area takes geographical indications brand as an important carrier for regional consolidation brand construction of agricultural products, gives play to the natural branding and regional advantages of geographical indications agricultural products, increases geographical indications agricultural products excavation, cultivation, registration, and intellectual property protection, and promotes the synergistic development of geographical indications brand and industry. The geographical indications brand as an essential carrier of agricultural products regional consolidation of brand building, give full play to the advantages of geographical indications of agricultural products natural branding, regional. Increase the protection of geographical indications of agricultural products excavation, cultivation, registration, and intellectual property rights. To promote the synergistic development of geographical indications brand and industry. At the same time, the local industry and government authorities to explore and promote the integration of agriculture, culture, and tourism model, the development of intelligent agriculture, and explore new modes of agricultural development. In this way, we drive the construction of the whole agricultural industry chain and the whole value chain, and build a modernized countryside comprehensively. Promote the formation of the development pattern of rural industry integration. To drive the construction of the whole agricultural industry chain, and the whole value chain, and improve the overall efficiency of agriculture.

High synergy areas
High synergy regions lagging in Poverty Alleviation (Cili County) can improve their development paths in the following ways. Strengthen the effective connection between industrial Poverty Alleviation and industrial re-vitalization, and promote the development of agricultural products processing industry clusters. Through developing, introducing, and promoting high agricultural technology, consolidating the existing 'one county, one special' characteristics of industrial development, promoting resource-based products to primary processing, and deep processing product transformation. Promoting the transformation of resource-based products to primary processing and deep processing. The government should focus on cultivating a number of long industrial chains, large relevance, strong leading enterprises, based on the existing parks to build a number of high starting points, full-featured, large scale, good benefits, the strong driving force of agricultural products processing demonstration parks, research and development bases, and corporate headquarters base, to promote the agricultural and sideline products processing industry clusters stronger. They are using the Internet to comprehensively transform traditional agriculture and boost the development of modern agriculture. Local industries can promote agricultural production intelligence, operation networking, management digitalization, and service informatization. Promote leapfrog development of mobile e-commerce and rural e-commerce platforms to achieve the integrated result of the whole agricultural industry chain.
High synergy-Rural Revitalization lagging areas (Shuanpai County, Jishou City) take the 'farming culture tourism' cultural festival as a carrier. In-depth holes in the doctrine, humanistic spirit, and moral code of the countryside's incredible conventional farming culture give new connotations to the times. Innovative ways of cultural inheritance. Creative ways of cultural heritage. For example, the digital museum of traditional Chinese villages online in Shuangpai County showcases artistic charm through new digital technologies such as video and 3D simulation. They will improve the operation mechanism of grass-roots organizations, strengthen the education and training of Party members based on farmers' night schools and distance-learning platforms, and optimize the services for the people with the demonstration action of Communist Party members, voluntary service action of Party members and twinning help action, so as to comprehensively strengthen the construction of grass-roots organizations.
High synergy-synergy development type areas (Ning-yuan and Zhijiang counties) can strengthen the organization and construction of rural grassroots mass self-governance. Improve the system of villagers' meetings, farmers' self-management, and functional village rules and regulations to solve rural affairs. Introduce relevant incentive measures to Guide talents to the countryside to innovate and start businesses and mobilize them in a targeted manner to participate in rural governance combined with pastoral needs. We are Guiding skills to participate in grassroots democratic consultation and rural cultural heritage to merge rural social organizations' governance synergy.

Higher synergy areas
Higher synergy area (Hecheng District): further consolidate the existing construction achievements, achieve equal development in urban and rural areas, promote the deep integration of agriculture, industry, and service sector, and create a demonstration area where the effectiveness of Poverty Alleviation and Rural Revitalization are effectively linked. Efforts will be made to improve the conditions of agricultural infrastructure in villages that have been lifted out of poverty, reduce the adverse effects of natural disasters on agricultural production, enhance the efficiency of agricultural mechanization, and improve the overall production capacity and efficiency of crops such as grain, oil, and vegetables. Adhere to the construction of high-standard farmland and the combination of rural habitat improvement, efforts to promote strong agriculture, rural beauty, and rich farmers to create a beautiful countryside. Combined with the implementation of projects in agriculture, water conservancy, transportation, and other sectors, the construction project library and the rational arrangement of project implementation programs. Develop industrial guidance policies for economic development, introduce a number of industrial enterprises, transform and upgrade a number of industrial enterprises, and cooperate with economically developed regions such as the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan to build industrial parks to drive high-quality industrial development. Support for industrial parks, science and technology innovation platforms, and information and logistics platforms will be stepped up, and greater policy tilts will be given to the development of deep processing of agricultural products and leisure agriculture and rural tourism in terms of land use, financing, and taxation.

Discussion
(1) This study found that the overall coupling synergy degree of Poverty Alleviation effectiveness-Rural Revitalization was at a moderate coupling synergy level; the low degree accounted for 46%, indicating that there is more room for the development of Poverty Alleviation effectiveness-Rural Revitalization synergy in Hunan Province in the future. Need further strengthening the effective connection of consolidating and expanding the achievements of Poverty Alleviation and Rural Vitalization. Through the comparison of existing studies, He and Zhong (2020) found that the coupling coordination level of Poverty Alleviation and Rural Revitalization in 14 prefectures in Guangxi province has entered the good coordination stage since 2017, and the gap in coupling coordination level among regions has been narrowing in 2018; Liao et al. (2020) found that the Poverty Alleviation-Rural Revitalization coupling synergy relationship has experienced three levels: moderate synergy, high synergy, and extreme synergy and other three development stages, and the degree of coupling synergy is higher in regions with earlier Poverty Alleviation time.
In this study, the effectiveness of Poverty Alleviation and Rural Revitalization indexes are relatively higher in areas that have been out of poverty earlier, and there is a more remarkable similarity with the results of existing studies. The counties in Hunan Province with fragile geographical capital and poor industrial foundation are mainly located in the two concentrated contiguous poverty areas of Luoxiao Mountains and Wuling Mountains, and industrial development and infrastructure still need to be further strengthened, and the results of the study are relatively low in terms of coupling synergy compared with similar studies. Targeted Poverty Alleviation gradually solved the problem of unbalanced urbanrural development, and Rural Revitalization could solve the problem of inadequate rural development (Liu et al., 2019;Guo and Liu, 2021). From 'Poverty Alleviation' to 'Rural Revitalization', it is necessary to further improve the effective connection and systematically summarize the experience and effectiveness of Poverty Alleviation. The government should explore the mechanism of Rural Revitalization, accelerate the transformation of industrial Poverty Alleviation to industrial revival, innovate the mechanism of talents, inherit excellent traditional local culture, enhance the sustainable governance capacity of the countryside, and realize the comprehensive revitalization of rural areas in Poverty Alleviation.
(2) China has achieved a comprehensive victory in the war against poverty, becoming the first developing country in the world to eliminate overall and absolute regional poverty and providing a vital reference sample for advancing the human anti-poverty process (Long and Chen, 2021). However, the problems of relative rural poverty, poverty of special groups, and multidimensional poverty caused by uneven urban-rural development, significant differences in basic services, and insufficient endogenous motivation still exist. The next study will focus on more detailed research on rural poverty and rural development, especially in areas that are difficult to revitalize, such as areas that have been lifted out of poverty, remote areas, backward areas, multi-ethnic areas, and areas with weak development bases. At the same time, future research should reveal the laws and critical issues of poverty evolution and rural development in different regions of the world and broaden research perspectives to strengthen the study of global Poverty Alleviation and rural development. The typical model of targeted Poverty Alleviation in China will provide theoretical, technical, and practical experiences for international social science to plan sustainable rural development.

Conclusions
(1) This paper studied the degree and type of coupling synergy between the Poverty Alleviation Effectiveness and Rural Revitalization in 2019 in Hunan Province, China. The results show that the coupling synergy degree of Poverty Alleviation Effectiveness-Rural Revitalization in the counties of Hunan Province ranges from 0.15 to 0.89, with an average of 0.43, and the overall coupling synergy level is moderate. From the perspective of quantity and spatial distribution, two counties of lower synergy type are distributed in the southwest of Hunan Province. There are 21 counties with low synergy type mainly distributed in Hunan's western and central regions. There are 21 counties with moderate synergy type distributed in Huaihua and Chenzhou cities. The high synergy types include Cili, Shuangpai,