Spatial and Temporal Variability of Thermal Stress to China's Coral Reefs in South China Sea

ZUO Xiuling; SU Fenzhen; WU Wenzhou; CHEN Zhike; SHI Wei

doi:10.1007/s11769-015-0741-6

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ZUO Xiuling, SU Fenzhen, WU Wenzhou, CHEN Zhike, SHI Wei. Spatial and Temporal Variability of Thermal Stress to China's Coral Reefs in South China Sea[J]. Chinese Geographical Science, 2015, 25(2): 159-173. doi: 10.1007/s11769-015-0741-6

Citation:

ZUO Xiuling, SU Fenzhen, WU Wenzhou, CHEN Zhike, SHI Wei. Spatial and Temporal Variability of Thermal Stress to China's Coral Reefs in South China Sea[J]. Chinese Geographical Science, 2015, 25(2): 159-173. doi: 10.1007/s11769-015-0741-6

Spatial and Temporal Variability of Thermal Stress to China's Coral Reefs in South China Sea

doi: 10.1007/s11769-015-0741-6

1.
State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
2.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
3.
Heilongjiang Agricultural Reclamation Survey, Design and Research Institute, Harbin 150090, China

Funds: Under the auspices of National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (No. 2012AA12A406)

More Information

Corresponding author: SU Fenzhen
Received Date: 2014-05-12
Rev Recd Date: 2014-08-26
Publish Date: 2015-01-27

Abstract

Coral bleaching, caused by elevated sea surface temperature (SST), is occurring more frequently and seriously worldwide. Due to the lack of field observations, we understand little about the large-scale variability of thermal stress in the South China Sea (SCS) and its effect on China's coral reefs. This paper used 4-km high resolution gap-filled SST (FilledSST) data and thermal stress data related to coral bleaching derived from Coral Reef Temperature Anomaly Database (CoRTAD) to quantify the spatial and temporal characteristics of chronic thermal stress and acute thermal stress to China's coral reefs in SCS from 1982 to 2009. We analyzed the trend of SST in summer and the thermal stress frequency, intensity and duration during this period. The results indicate that, as a chronic thermal stress, summer mean SST in SCS shows an average upward trend of 0.2℃/decade and the spatial pattern is heterogeneous. Waters of Xisha Islands and Dongsha Islands of the northern SCS are warming faster through time compared to Zhongsha Islands and Nansha Islands sea areas of the southern SCS. High frequency bleaching related thermal stress events for these reefs are seen in the area to the northwest of Luzon Island. Severe anomaly thermal stress events are more likely to occur during the subsequent year of the El Niño year for these coral reefs. Besides, the duration of thermal stress varies considerably by anomaly year and by region.
- coral reef,
- sea surface temperature (SST),
- thermal stress,
- El Niñ,
- o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO),
- South China Sea (SCS)

References

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Spatial and Temporal Variability of Thermal Stress to China's Coral Reefs in South China Sea

1. State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;

2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;

3. Heilongjiang Agricultural Reclamation Survey, Design and Research Institute, Harbin 150090, China

Funds: Under the auspices of National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (No. 2012AA12A406)

Corresponding author: SU Fenzhen

Received Date: 2014-05-12

Rev Recd Date: 2014-08-26

Publish Date: 2015-01-27

Key words:

Abstract: Coral bleaching, caused by elevated sea surface temperature (SST), is occurring more frequently and seriously worldwide. Due to the lack of field observations, we understand little about the large-scale variability of thermal stress in the South China Sea (SCS) and its effect on China's coral reefs. This paper used 4-km high resolution gap-filled SST (FilledSST) data and thermal stress data related to coral bleaching derived from Coral Reef Temperature Anomaly Database (CoRTAD) to quantify the spatial and temporal characteristics of chronic thermal stress and acute thermal stress to China's coral reefs in SCS from 1982 to 2009. We analyzed the trend of SST in summer and the thermal stress frequency, intensity and duration during this period. The results indicate that, as a chronic thermal stress, summer mean SST in SCS shows an average upward trend of 0.2℃/decade and the spatial pattern is heterogeneous. Waters of Xisha Islands and Dongsha Islands of the northern SCS are warming faster through time compared to Zhongsha Islands and Nansha Islands sea areas of the southern SCS. High frequency bleaching related thermal stress events for these reefs are seen in the area to the northwest of Luzon Island. Severe anomaly thermal stress events are more likely to occur during the subsequent year of the El Niño year for these coral reefs. Besides, the duration of thermal stress varies considerably by anomaly year and by region.

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Reference (72)

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[2]	Allen G R, Werner T B, 2002. Coral reef fish assessment in the 'coral triangle' of southeastern Asia. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 65: 209-214. doi: 10.1023/A:1020093012502
[3]	Anthony K R N, Kline D I, Diaz-Pulido G et al., 2008. Ocean acidification causes bleaching and productivity loss in coral reef builders. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105(45): 17442-17446. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0804478105
[4]	Arceo H O, Quibilan M C, Aliño P M et al., 2001. Coral bleaching in Philippine reefs: coincident evidences with mesoscale thermal anomalies. Bulletin of Marine Science, 69(2): 579-593.
[5]	Arthur D, Vassilvitskii S, 2007. k-means++: the advantages of careful seeding. Proceedings of the 18th Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms. SODA 2007, 1027-1035.
[6]	Baird A H, Marshall P A, 2002. Mortality, growth and reproduction in scleractinian corals following bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 237: 133-141. doi: 10.3354/meps237133
[7]	Berkelmans R, De’ath G, Kininmonth S et al., 2004. A comparison of the 1998 and 2002 coral bleaching events on the Great Barrier Reef: spatial correlation, patterns, and predictions. Coral Reefs, 23: 74-83. doi: 10.1007/s00338-003-0353-y
[8]	Burke L, Selig E, Spalding M, 2006. Reefs at Risk in Southeast Asia. Washington D C: World Resources Institute Press, 48.
[9]	Carilli J E, Norris R D, Black B et al., 2010. Century-scale records of coral growth rates indicate that local stressors reduce coral thermal tolerance threshold. Global Change Biology, 16: 1247-1257. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02043.x
[10]	Carricart-Ganivet J P, Cabanillas-Terán N, Cruz-Ortega I et al., 2012. Sensitivity of calcification to thermal stress varies among genera of massive reef-building corals. PLoS ONE, 7(3): e32859. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032859
[11]	Carrigan A D, Puotinen M L, 2011. Assessing the potential for tropical cyclone induced sea surface cooling to reduce thermal stress on the world's coral reefs. Geophysical Research Letters, 38: L23604. doi: 10.1029/2011GL049722
[12]	Casey K S, Brandon T B, Cornillon P et al., 2010. The past, present and future of the AVHRR Pathfinder SST program. In: Barale V et al. (eds.). Oceanography from Space: Revisited. New York: Springer Press, 273-287.
[13]	Chang Genying, Huang Fupeng, Li Man et al., 2012. Public perception of climate change and their support of climate policy in China: based on global surveys and in comparison with USA. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 32(12): 1481-1487. (in Chinese)
[14]	Chen T, Li S, Yu K et al., 2013. Increasing temperature anomalies reduce coral growth in the Weizhou Island, northern South China Sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 130: 121-126. doi: 10.1016/j.ecss.2013.05.009
[15]	Dai C F, Fan T Y, Wu C S, 1995. Coral fauna of Tungsha Tao (Pratas Islands). Acta Oceanographica Taiwanica, 34: 1-16.
[16]	Dai Changfeng, 2010. Biotic reefs and reef biotops in Taiwan area. Journal of Palaeogeography, 12(5): 565-576. (in Chinese)
[17]	Fan T Y, Wei C, Fang L S, 2008a. Status of coral reef communities and reef restoration efforts at Dongsha Atoll, South China Sea. Available at: http://www.nova.edu/ncri/11icrs/abstract_ files/icrs2008-000339.pdf
[18]	Fan T Y, Wu B J, Fang L S, 2008b. The heterogeneity of temperature change and coral bleaching during temperature abnormally warm in summer 2007. Available at: http://www. nova.edu/ncri/11icrs/abstract_files/icrs2008-000308.pdf
[19]	Fang G, Chen H, Wei Z et al., 2006. Trends and interannual variability of the South China Sea surface winds, surface height, and surface temperature in the recent decade. Journal of Geophysical Research, 111: C11S16. doi: 10.1029/2005JC003276
[20]	Ferreira B P, Costa M B S F, Coxey M S et al., 2013. The effects of sea surface temperature anomalies on oceanic coral reef systems in the southwestern tropical Atlantic. Coral Reefs, 32: 441-454. doi: 10.1007/s00338-012-0992-y
[21]	Fu Xiumei, Wang Changyun, Shao Changlun et al., 2009. Investigation of the status of coral reef resources and medicinal research in China. I. coral reef resources and ecological functions. Periodical of Ocean University of China, 39(4): 676- 684. (in Chinese)
[22]	Furby K A, Bouwmeester J, Berumen M L, 2013. Susceptibility of central Red Sea corals during a major bleaching event. Coral Reefs, 32: 505-513. doi: 10.1007/s00338-012-0998-5
[23]	Glynn P W, 1993. Coral reef bleaching: ecological perspectives. Coral Reefs, 12: 1-17. doi: 10.1007/BF00303779
[24]	Glynn P W, Cortés-Núñez J, Guzmán-Espinal H M et al., 1988. El Niño (1982-83) associated coral mortality and relationship to sea surface temperature deviations in the tropical eastern Pacific. Proceedings of the 6th International Coral Reef Symposium. Townsville, Australia, 3: 231-243.
[25]	Goreau T J, Hayes R L, 1994. Coral bleaching and ocean 'hot spots'. Ambio, 23: 176-180.
[26]	Goreau T, McClanahan T, Hayes R et al., 2000. Conservation of coral reefs after the 1998 global bleaching event. Conservation Biology, 14(1): 5-15. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.00011.x
[27]	Guest J R, Baird A H, Maynard J A et al., 2012. Contrasting patterns of coral bleaching susceptibility in 2010 suggest an adaptive response to thermal stress. PLoS ONE, 7(3): e33353. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033353
[28]	Heron S F, Willis B L, Skirving W J et al., 2010. Summer hot snaps and winter conditions: modelling white syndrome outbreaks on Great Barrier Reef corals. PLoS ONE, 5(8): e12210. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012210
[29]	Hoegh-Guldberg O, 1999. Climate change, coral bleaching and the future of the world's coral reefs. Marine Freshwater Research, 50: 839-866. doi: 10.1071/MF99078
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Spatial and Temporal Variability of Thermal Stress to China's Coral Reefs in South China Sea

doi: 10.1007/s11769-015-0741-6

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