Effects of Grazing Exclusion on Plant Productivity and Soil Carbon, Nitrogen Storage in Alpine Meadows in Northern Tibet, China

XIONG Dingpeng; SHI Peili; SUN Yinliang; WU Jianshuang; ZHANG Xianzhou

doi:10.1007/s11769-014-0697-y

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Article Navigation > Chinese Geographical Science > 2014 > (4): 488-498

XIONG Dingpeng, SHI Peili, SUN Yinliang, WU Jianshuang, ZHANG Xianzhou. Effects of Grazing Exclusion on Plant Productivity and Soil Carbon, Nitrogen Storage in Alpine Meadows in Northern Tibet, China[J]. Chinese Geographical Science, 2014, (4): 488-498. doi: 10.1007/s11769-014-0697-y

Citation:

XIONG Dingpeng, SHI Peili, SUN Yinliang, WU Jianshuang, ZHANG Xianzhou. Effects of Grazing Exclusion on Plant Productivity and Soil Carbon, Nitrogen Storage in Alpine Meadows in Northern Tibet, China[J]. Chinese Geographical Science, 2014, (4): 488-498. doi: 10.1007/s11769-014-0697-y

Effects of Grazing Exclusion on Plant Productivity and Soil Carbon, Nitrogen Storage in Alpine Meadows in Northern Tibet, China

doi: 10.1007/s11769-014-0697-y

1.
Lhasa National Ecological Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
2.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Funds: Under the auspices of Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. XDA05060700), Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China (No. 2013M530716)

More Information

Corresponding author: SHI Peili
Received Date: 2013-11-13
Rev Recd Date: 2014-03-12
Publish Date: 2014-05-27

Abstract

Grazing exclusion is widely adopted in restoring degraded alpine grasslands on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. However, its effectiveness remains poorly understood.In this study, we investigated the effects of grazing exclusion on plant productivity, species diversity and soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil total nitrogen (STN) storage along a transect spanning from east to west of alpine meadows in northern Tibet, China. After six years of grazing exclusion, plant cover, aboveground biomass (AGB), belowground biomass (BGB), SOC and STN were increased, but species diversity indices declined. The enhancement of AGB and SOC caused by grazing exclusion was correlated positively with mean annual precipitation (MAP). Grazing exclusion led to remarkable biomass increase of sedge species, especially Kobresia pygmaea, whereas decrease of biomass in forbs and no obvious change in grass, leguminous and noxious species. Root biomass was concentrated in the near surface layer (10 cm) after grazing exclusion. The effects of grazing exclusion on SOC storage were confined to shallow soil layer in sites with lower MAP. It is indicated that grazing exclusion is an effective measure to increase forage production and enhance soil carbon sequestration in the studied region. The effect is more efficient in sites with higher precipitation. However, the results revealed a tradeoff between vegetation restoration and ecological biodiversity. Therefore, carbon pools recover more quickly than plant biodiversity in the alpine meadows. We suggest that grazing exclusion should be combined with other measures to reconcile grassland restoration and biodiversity conservation.
- aboveground biomass,
- belowground biomass,
- soil organic carbon (SOC),
- soil total nitrogen (STN),
- biodiversity,
- grazing exclusion,
- precipitation,
- alpine meadow

References

[1]	Akiyama T, Kawamura K, 2007. Grassland degradation in China: Methods of monitoring, management and restoration. Grassland Science, 53(1): 1-17. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-697X.2007. 00073.x
[2]	Altesor A, Pineiro G, Lezama F et al., 2006. Ecosystem changes associated with grazing in subhumid South American grasslands. Journal of Vegetation Science, 17(3): 323-332. doi: 10.1111/j.1654-1103.2006.tb02452.x
[3]	Cheng J, Wu G L, Zhao L P et al., 2011. Cumulative effects of 20-year exclusion of livestock grazing on above- and belowground biomass of typical steppe communities in arid areas of the Loess Plateau, China. Plant Soil and Environment, 57(1): 40-44.
[4]	Conant R T, Paustian K, 2002. Potential soil carbon sequestration in overgrazed grassland ecosystems. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 16(4): 90. doi: 10.1029/2001gb001661
[5]	Cui X Y, Wang Y F, Niu H S et al., 2005. Effect of long-term grazing on soil organic carbon content in semiarid steppes in Inner Mongolia. Ecological Research, 20(5): 519-527. doi: 10.1007/s11284-005-0063-8
[6]	de Deyn G B, Cornelissen J H, Bardgett R D, 2008. Plant functional traits and soil carbon sequestration in contrasting biomes. Ecology Letters, 11(5): 516-531. doi: 10.1111/j. 1461-0248.2008.01164.x
[7]	Derner J D, Boutton T W, Briske D D, 2006. Grazing and ecosystem carbon storage in the North American Great Plains. Plant and Soil, 280(1-2): 77-90. doi: 10.1007/s11104-005-2554-3
[8]	Diaz S, Lavorel S, McIntyre S et al., 2007. Plant trait responses to grazing—A global synthesis. Global Change Biology, 13(2): 313-341. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01288.x
[9]	Fan Y J, Hou X Y, Shi H X et al., 2013. Effects of grazing and fencing on carbon and nitrogen reserves in plants and soils of alpine meadow in the three headwater resource regions. Russian Journal of Ecology, 44(1): 80-88. doi: 10.1134/s1067413612050165
[10]	Fuhlendorf S D, Zhang H, Tunnell T et al., 2002. Effects of grazing on restoration of southern mixed prairie soils. Restoration Ecology, 10(2): 401-407. doi: 10.1046/j.1526-100X.2002. 00013.x
[11]	Gallego L, Distel R A, Camina R et al., 2004. Soil phytoliths as evidence for species replacement in grazed rangelands of central Argentina. Ecography, 27(6): 725-732. doi: 10.1111/j.0906-7590.2005.03964.x
[12]	Gao Qingzhu, Li Yue, Lin Erda et al., 2005. Temporal and spatial distribution of grassland degradation in Northern Tibet. Acta Geographica Sinica, 60(6): 965-973. (in Chinese)
[13]	Gao Y H, Zeng X Y, Schumann M et al., 2011. Effectiveness of exclosures on restoration of degraded alpine meadow in the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Arid Land Research and Management, 25(2): 164-175. doi: 10.1080/15324982.2011.554954
[14]	Gao Y Z, Giese M, Lin S et al., 2008. Belowground net primary productivity and biomass allocation of a grassland in Inner Mongolia is affected by grazing intensity. Plant and Soil, 307(1-2): 41-50. doi: 10.1007/s11104-008-9579-3
[15]	Grime J, 1998. Benefits of plant diversity to ecosystems: Immediate, filter and founder effects. Journal of Ecology, 86(6): 902-910. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2745.1998.00306.x
[16]	Han J G, Zhang Y Z, Wang C T et al., 2008. Rangeland degradation and restoration management in China. The Rangeland Journal, 30(2): 233-239. doi: 10.1071/RJ08009
[17]	Harris R B, 2010. Rangeland degradation on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau: A review of the evidence of its magnitude and causes. Journal of Arid Environments, 74(1): 1-12. doi: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.06.014
[18]	He N P, Yu Q, Wu L et al., 2008. Carbon and nitrogen store and storage potential as affected by land-use in a Leymus chinensis grassland of northern China. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 40(12): 2952-2959. doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.08.018
[19]	Hu Zhongming, Fan Jiangwen, Zhong Huaping et al., 2005. Progress on grassland underground biomass researches in China. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 24(09): 1095-1101. (in Chinese)
[20]	Huston M A, 1994. Biological Diversity, the Coexistence of Species on Changing Landscapes. New York: Cambridge University Press.
[21]	ISSCAS (Institute of Soil Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences), 1978. Physical and Chemical Analysis Methods of Soils. Shanghai: Science Technology Press, 132-136. (in Chinese)
[22]	Johnson L C, Matchett J R, 2001. Fire and grazing regulate belowground processes in tallgrass prairie. Ecology, 82(12): 3377-3389. doi: 10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[3377:fagrbp] 2.0.co;2
[23]	Kauffman J B, Thorpe A S, Brookshire E N J, 2004. Livestock exclusion and belowground ecosystem responses in riparian meadows of Eastern Oregon. Ecological Applications, 14(6): 1671-1679. doi: 10.1890/03-5083
[24]	Langley J A, Hungate B A, 2003. Mycorrhizal controls on belowground litter quality. Ecology, 84(9): 2302-2312. doi: 10.1890/02-0282
[25]	Liu Zhongling, Wang Wei, Liang Cunzhu et al., 1998. The regressive succession pattern and its diagnostic of Inner Mongolia steppe in sustained and superstrong grazing. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 6(4): 244-251. (in Chinese)
[26]	Mekuria W, Veldkamp E, 2012. Restoration of native vegetation following exclosure establishment on communal grazing lands in Tigray, Ethiopia. Applied Vegetation Science, 15(1): 71-83. doi: 10.1111/j.1654-109X.2011.01145.x
[27]	Ni J, 2002. Carbon storage in grasslands of China. Journal of Arid Environments, 50(2): 205-218. doi: 10.1006/jare.2201. 0902
[28]	Pineiro G, Paruelo J M, Jobbagy E G et al., 2009. Grazing effects on belowground C and N storage along a network of cattle exclosures in temperate and subtropical grasslands of South America. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 23(2): 1-14. doi: 10.1029/2007GB003168
[29]	Schuman G E, Reeder J D, Manley J T et al., 1999. Impact of grazing management on the carbon and nitrogen balance of a mixed-grass rangeland. Ecological Applications, 9(1): 65-71. doi: 10.2307/2641168
[30]	Shi F S, Chen H, Wu Y et al., 2010. Effects of livestock exclusion on vegetation and soil properties under two topographic habitats in an alpine meadow on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Polish Journal of Ecology, 58(1): 125-133.
[31]	Shi Fusun, Wu Ning, Luo Peng et al., 2007. Effect of enclosing on community structure of subalpine meadow in northwestern Sichuan, China. Chinese Journal of Applied & Environmental Biology, 13(6): 767-770. (in Chinese)
[32]	Spooner P, Lunt I, Robinson W, 2002. Is fencing enough? The short-term effects of stock exclusion in remnant grassy woodlands in southern NSW. Ecological Management & Restoration, 3(2): 117-126. doi: 10.1046/j.1442-8903.2002.00103.x
[33]	Su Y Z, Li Y L, Cui H Y et al., 2005. Influences of continuous grazing and livestock exclusion on soil properties in a degraded sandy grassland, Inner Mongolia, northern China. Catena, 59(3): 267-278. doi: 10.1016/j.catena.2004.09.001
[34]	van der Maarel E, Titlyanova A, 1989. Above-ground and below-ground biomass relations in steppes under different grazing conditions. Oikos, 56: 364-370.doi: 10.2307/3565622
[35]	van der Wal R, Bardgett R D, Harrison K A et al., 2004. Vertebrate herbivores and ecosystem control: Cascading effects of faeces on tundra ecosystems. Ecography, 27(2): 242-252. doi: 10.1111/j.0906-7590.2004.03688.x
[36]	Watkinson A R, Ormerod S J, 2001. Grasslands, grazing and biodiversity: Editors' introduction. Journal of Applied Ecology, 38(2): 233-237. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2664.2001.00621.x
[37]	Wu G L, Du G Z, Liu Z H et al., 2009. Effect of fencing and grazing on a Kobresia-dominated meadow in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Plant and Soil, 319(1-2): 115-126. doi: 10.1007/s11104-008-9854-3
[38]	Wu G L, Liu Z H, Zhang L et al., 2010. Long-term fencing improved soil properties and soil organic carbon storage in an alpine swamp meadow of western China. Plant and Soil, 332(1-2): 331-337. doi: 10.1007/s11104-010-0299-0
[39]	Xie Y, Wittig R, 2004. The impact of grazing intensity on soil characteristics of Stipa grandis and Stipa bungeana steppe in northern China (autonomous region of Ningxia). Acta Oecologica, 25(3): 197-204. doi: 10.1016/j.actao.2004.01.004
[40]	Xie Z B, Zhu J G, Liu G et al., 2007. Soil organic carbon storage in China and changes from 1980s to 2000s. Global Change Biology, 13(9): 1989-2007. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007. 01409.x
[41]	Xu Z R, Cheng S K, Zhen L et al., 2013. Impacts of Dung Combustion on the Carbon Cycle of Alpine Grassland of the North Tibetan Plateau. Environmental Management, 52(2): 441-449. doi: 10.1007/s00267-013-0107-8
[42]	Yang Y H, Fang J Y, Ji C J et al., 2009. Above- and belowground biomass allocation in Tibetan grasslands. Journal of Vegetation Science, 20(1): 177-184. doi: 10.1111/j.1654-1103.2009. 05566.x
[43]	Zhang Jintun, Chai Baofeng, Qiu Yang et al., 2000. Changes in species diversity in the succession of plant communities of abandoned land in Luliang Mountain, western Shanxi. Chinese Biodiversity, 8(4): 378-384. (in Chinese)
[44]	Zheng D, 2000. Mountain Geoecology and Sustainable Development of the Tibetan Plateau. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 15-16.

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通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

1.
沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142

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Effects of Grazing Exclusion on Plant Productivity and Soil Carbon, Nitrogen Storage in Alpine Meadows in Northern Tibet, China

1. Lhasa National Ecological Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;

2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Funds: Under the auspices of Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. XDA05060700), Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China (No. 2013M530716)

Corresponding author: SHI Peili

Received Date: 2013-11-13

Rev Recd Date: 2014-03-12

Publish Date: 2014-05-27

Key words:

Abstract: Grazing exclusion is widely adopted in restoring degraded alpine grasslands on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. However, its effectiveness remains poorly understood.In this study, we investigated the effects of grazing exclusion on plant productivity, species diversity and soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil total nitrogen (STN) storage along a transect spanning from east to west of alpine meadows in northern Tibet, China. After six years of grazing exclusion, plant cover, aboveground biomass (AGB), belowground biomass (BGB), SOC and STN were increased, but species diversity indices declined. The enhancement of AGB and SOC caused by grazing exclusion was correlated positively with mean annual precipitation (MAP). Grazing exclusion led to remarkable biomass increase of sedge species, especially Kobresia pygmaea, whereas decrease of biomass in forbs and no obvious change in grass, leguminous and noxious species. Root biomass was concentrated in the near surface layer (10 cm) after grazing exclusion. The effects of grazing exclusion on SOC storage were confined to shallow soil layer in sites with lower MAP. It is indicated that grazing exclusion is an effective measure to increase forage production and enhance soil carbon sequestration in the studied region. The effect is more efficient in sites with higher precipitation. However, the results revealed a tradeoff between vegetation restoration and ecological biodiversity. Therefore, carbon pools recover more quickly than plant biodiversity in the alpine meadows. We suggest that grazing exclusion should be combined with other measures to reconcile grassland restoration and biodiversity conservation.

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Reference (44)

[1]	Akiyama T, Kawamura K, 2007. Grassland degradation in China: Methods of monitoring, management and restoration. Grassland Science, 53(1): 1-17. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-697X.2007. 00073.x
[2]	Altesor A, Pineiro G, Lezama F et al., 2006. Ecosystem changes associated with grazing in subhumid South American grasslands. Journal of Vegetation Science, 17(3): 323-332. doi: 10.1111/j.1654-1103.2006.tb02452.x
[3]	Cheng J, Wu G L, Zhao L P et al., 2011. Cumulative effects of 20-year exclusion of livestock grazing on above- and belowground biomass of typical steppe communities in arid areas of the Loess Plateau, China. Plant Soil and Environment, 57(1): 40-44.
[4]	Conant R T, Paustian K, 2002. Potential soil carbon sequestration in overgrazed grassland ecosystems. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 16(4): 90. doi: 10.1029/2001gb001661
[5]	Cui X Y, Wang Y F, Niu H S et al., 2005. Effect of long-term grazing on soil organic carbon content in semiarid steppes in Inner Mongolia. Ecological Research, 20(5): 519-527. doi: 10.1007/s11284-005-0063-8
[6]	de Deyn G B, Cornelissen J H, Bardgett R D, 2008. Plant functional traits and soil carbon sequestration in contrasting biomes. Ecology Letters, 11(5): 516-531. doi: 10.1111/j. 1461-0248.2008.01164.x
[7]	Derner J D, Boutton T W, Briske D D, 2006. Grazing and ecosystem carbon storage in the North American Great Plains. Plant and Soil, 280(1-2): 77-90. doi: 10.1007/s11104-005-2554-3
[8]	Diaz S, Lavorel S, McIntyre S et al., 2007. Plant trait responses to grazing—A global synthesis. Global Change Biology, 13(2): 313-341. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01288.x
[9]	Fan Y J, Hou X Y, Shi H X et al., 2013. Effects of grazing and fencing on carbon and nitrogen reserves in plants and soils of alpine meadow in the three headwater resource regions. Russian Journal of Ecology, 44(1): 80-88. doi: 10.1134/s1067413612050165
[10]	Fuhlendorf S D, Zhang H, Tunnell T et al., 2002. Effects of grazing on restoration of southern mixed prairie soils. Restoration Ecology, 10(2): 401-407. doi: 10.1046/j.1526-100X.2002. 00013.x
[11]	Gallego L, Distel R A, Camina R et al., 2004. Soil phytoliths as evidence for species replacement in grazed rangelands of central Argentina. Ecography, 27(6): 725-732. doi: 10.1111/j.0906-7590.2005.03964.x
[12]	Gao Qingzhu, Li Yue, Lin Erda et al., 2005. Temporal and spatial distribution of grassland degradation in Northern Tibet. Acta Geographica Sinica, 60(6): 965-973. (in Chinese)
[13]	Gao Y H, Zeng X Y, Schumann M et al., 2011. Effectiveness of exclosures on restoration of degraded alpine meadow in the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Arid Land Research and Management, 25(2): 164-175. doi: 10.1080/15324982.2011.554954
[14]	Gao Y Z, Giese M, Lin S et al., 2008. Belowground net primary productivity and biomass allocation of a grassland in Inner Mongolia is affected by grazing intensity. Plant and Soil, 307(1-2): 41-50. doi: 10.1007/s11104-008-9579-3
[15]	Grime J, 1998. Benefits of plant diversity to ecosystems: Immediate, filter and founder effects. Journal of Ecology, 86(6): 902-910. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2745.1998.00306.x
[16]	Han J G, Zhang Y Z, Wang C T et al., 2008. Rangeland degradation and restoration management in China. The Rangeland Journal, 30(2): 233-239. doi: 10.1071/RJ08009
[17]	Harris R B, 2010. Rangeland degradation on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau: A review of the evidence of its magnitude and causes. Journal of Arid Environments, 74(1): 1-12. doi: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.06.014
[18]	He N P, Yu Q, Wu L et al., 2008. Carbon and nitrogen store and storage potential as affected by land-use in a Leymus chinensis grassland of northern China. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 40(12): 2952-2959. doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.08.018
[19]	Hu Zhongming, Fan Jiangwen, Zhong Huaping et al., 2005. Progress on grassland underground biomass researches in China. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 24(09): 1095-1101. (in Chinese)
[20]	Huston M A, 1994. Biological Diversity, the Coexistence of Species on Changing Landscapes. New York: Cambridge University Press.
[21]	ISSCAS (Institute of Soil Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences), 1978. Physical and Chemical Analysis Methods of Soils. Shanghai: Science Technology Press, 132-136. (in Chinese)
[22]	Johnson L C, Matchett J R, 2001. Fire and grazing regulate belowground processes in tallgrass prairie. Ecology, 82(12): 3377-3389. doi: 10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[3377:fagrbp] 2.0.co;2
[23]	Kauffman J B, Thorpe A S, Brookshire E N J, 2004. Livestock exclusion and belowground ecosystem responses in riparian meadows of Eastern Oregon. Ecological Applications, 14(6): 1671-1679. doi: 10.1890/03-5083
[24]	Langley J A, Hungate B A, 2003. Mycorrhizal controls on belowground litter quality. Ecology, 84(9): 2302-2312. doi: 10.1890/02-0282
[25]	Liu Zhongling, Wang Wei, Liang Cunzhu et al., 1998. The regressive succession pattern and its diagnostic of Inner Mongolia steppe in sustained and superstrong grazing. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 6(4): 244-251. (in Chinese)
[26]	Mekuria W, Veldkamp E, 2012. Restoration of native vegetation following exclosure establishment on communal grazing lands in Tigray, Ethiopia. Applied Vegetation Science, 15(1): 71-83. doi: 10.1111/j.1654-109X.2011.01145.x
[27]	Ni J, 2002. Carbon storage in grasslands of China. Journal of Arid Environments, 50(2): 205-218. doi: 10.1006/jare.2201. 0902
[28]	Pineiro G, Paruelo J M, Jobbagy E G et al., 2009. Grazing effects on belowground C and N storage along a network of cattle exclosures in temperate and subtropical grasslands of South America. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 23(2): 1-14. doi: 10.1029/2007GB003168
[29]	Schuman G E, Reeder J D, Manley J T et al., 1999. Impact of grazing management on the carbon and nitrogen balance of a mixed-grass rangeland. Ecological Applications, 9(1): 65-71. doi: 10.2307/2641168
[30]	Shi F S, Chen H, Wu Y et al., 2010. Effects of livestock exclusion on vegetation and soil properties under two topographic habitats in an alpine meadow on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Polish Journal of Ecology, 58(1): 125-133.
[31]	Shi Fusun, Wu Ning, Luo Peng et al., 2007. Effect of enclosing on community structure of subalpine meadow in northwestern Sichuan, China. Chinese Journal of Applied & Environmental Biology, 13(6): 767-770. (in Chinese)
[32]	Spooner P, Lunt I, Robinson W, 2002. Is fencing enough? The short-term effects of stock exclusion in remnant grassy woodlands in southern NSW. Ecological Management & Restoration, 3(2): 117-126. doi: 10.1046/j.1442-8903.2002.00103.x
[33]	Su Y Z, Li Y L, Cui H Y et al., 2005. Influences of continuous grazing and livestock exclusion on soil properties in a degraded sandy grassland, Inner Mongolia, northern China. Catena, 59(3): 267-278. doi: 10.1016/j.catena.2004.09.001
[34]	van der Maarel E, Titlyanova A, 1989. Above-ground and below-ground biomass relations in steppes under different grazing conditions. Oikos, 56: 364-370.doi: 10.2307/3565622
[35]	van der Wal R, Bardgett R D, Harrison K A et al., 2004. Vertebrate herbivores and ecosystem control: Cascading effects of faeces on tundra ecosystems. Ecography, 27(2): 242-252. doi: 10.1111/j.0906-7590.2004.03688.x
[36]	Watkinson A R, Ormerod S J, 2001. Grasslands, grazing and biodiversity: Editors' introduction. Journal of Applied Ecology, 38(2): 233-237. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2664.2001.00621.x
[37]	Wu G L, Du G Z, Liu Z H et al., 2009. Effect of fencing and grazing on a Kobresia-dominated meadow in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Plant and Soil, 319(1-2): 115-126. doi: 10.1007/s11104-008-9854-3
[38]	Wu G L, Liu Z H, Zhang L et al., 2010. Long-term fencing improved soil properties and soil organic carbon storage in an alpine swamp meadow of western China. Plant and Soil, 332(1-2): 331-337. doi: 10.1007/s11104-010-0299-0
[39]	Xie Y, Wittig R, 2004. The impact of grazing intensity on soil characteristics of Stipa grandis and Stipa bungeana steppe in northern China (autonomous region of Ningxia). Acta Oecologica, 25(3): 197-204. doi: 10.1016/j.actao.2004.01.004
[40]	Xie Z B, Zhu J G, Liu G et al., 2007. Soil organic carbon storage in China and changes from 1980s to 2000s. Global Change Biology, 13(9): 1989-2007. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007. 01409.x
[41]	Xu Z R, Cheng S K, Zhen L et al., 2013. Impacts of Dung Combustion on the Carbon Cycle of Alpine Grassland of the North Tibetan Plateau. Environmental Management, 52(2): 441-449. doi: 10.1007/s00267-013-0107-8
[42]	Yang Y H, Fang J Y, Ji C J et al., 2009. Above- and belowground biomass allocation in Tibetan grasslands. Journal of Vegetation Science, 20(1): 177-184. doi: 10.1111/j.1654-1103.2009. 05566.x
[43]	Zhang Jintun, Chai Baofeng, Qiu Yang et al., 2000. Changes in species diversity in the succession of plant communities of abandoned land in Luliang Mountain, western Shanxi. Chinese Biodiversity, 8(4): 378-384. (in Chinese)
[44]	Zheng D, 2000. Mountain Geoecology and Sustainable Development of the Tibetan Plateau. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 15-16.

Effects of Grazing Exclusion on Plant Productivity and Soil Carbon, Nitrogen Storage in Alpine Meadows in Northern Tibet, China

doi: 10.1007/s11769-014-0697-y

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References

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通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

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